Induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene transfected C33A cell line.

This study focuses on the induction of EMT by HPV16 in the C33A cell line. Expression of β-catenin, EMT-transcription factors (EMT-TFs), and c-myc in the nuclei of HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene transfected and non-transfected C33A cells were investigated through immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Microphotographs of β-catenin, c-myc, and DAPI-stained nuclei were processed and analyzed by Python and ImageJ respectively.

Association of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus With Human Breast Cancer: Histology, Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analyses.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-associated human breast cancer has the same or similar histology to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumors. Such associations may indicate a role for MMTV in human breast cancer.

Methods: Immunohistochemical techniques (using antibodies directed against the signal peptide p14 of the envelope precursor protein of MMTV) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were used to identify MMTV proteins and MMTV-like envelope gene sequences in a series of breast cancers from Australian women.

High risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are present in benign prostate tissues before development of HPV associated prostate cancer.

Background: Although high risk HPVs are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer it is not known if they have a causal role. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential role of human papilloma viruses (HPVs) in prostate cancer. The aims are (i) to investigate the presence and confirm the identity of high risk HPVs in benign prostate tissues prior to the development of HPV positive prostate cancer in the same patients, and (ii) to determine if HPVs are biologically active.

Erratum to: Mouse mammary tumor-like virus (MMTV) is present in human breast tissue before development of virally associated breast cancer.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0113-6.].

Extracellular vesicle associated long non-coding RNAs functionally enhance cell viability.

Cells communicate with one another to create microenvironments and share resources. One avenue by which cells communicate is through the action of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released by one cell and taken up by neighbouring cells.

Mouse mammary tumor-like virus (MMTV) is present in human breast tissue before development of virally associated breast cancer.

Background: There is substantial evidence that a virus homologous to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) may have a role in human breast cancer. The present study indicates that those who developed breast cancer associated with an MMTV-like virus had this virus in their non-cancerous breast tissues years before the cancer developed.

Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and sequencing were used to identify MMTV-like envelope gene sequences (MMTV-like sequences) in Australian benign breast biopsy specimens from women who several years later developed breast cancer.

Human Papilloma Viruses and Breast Cancer - Assessment of Causality.

High risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs) may have a causal role in some breast cancers. Case-control studies, conducted in many different countries, consistently indicate that HPVs are more frequently present in breast cancers as compared to benign breast and normal breast controls (odds ratio 4.02).

Human Papilloma Virus Identification in Breast Cancer Patients with Previous Cervical Neoplasia.

Purpose: Women with human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cervical neoplasia have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than the general female population. The purpose of this study was to (i) identify high-risk HPVs in cervical neoplasia and subsequent HPV positive breast cancers which developed in the same patients and (ii) determine if these HPVs were biologically active.

Methods: A range of polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical techniques were used to conduct a retrospective cohort study of cervical precancers and subsequent breast cancers in the same patients.

Human Papilloma Viruses and Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) may have a role in some breast cancers. The purpose of this study is to fill important gaps in the evidence. These gaps are: (i) confirmation of the presence of high risk for cancer HPVs in breast cancers, (ii) evidence of HPV infections in benign breast tissues prior to the development of HPV-positive breast cancer in the same patients, (iii) evidence that HPVs are biologically active and not harmless passengers in breast cancer.

Early Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Oncogenic Influences in Breast Cancer.

Background: Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) may act early in breast oncogenesis ("hit-and-run" phenomena).

Methods: The authors used immunohistochemistry for the identification of HPV E7 oncogenic protein expression in 32 sets of benign and subsequent breast cancer specimens from the same Australian patients.

Results: HPV E7 oncoprotein was clearly expressed in the nuclei of 23 (72%) of the 32 benign specimens and 20 (62.

Identification of Human Papilloma Viruses in Atheromatous Coronary Artery Disease.

Objective: To identify human papilloma viruses (HPV) in atheromatous coronary arteries.

Background: Atheromatous arterial disease is primarily an initial inflammatory response to unknown stimuli. The crucial question is "what causes the initial inflammation in atheromatous disease?" HPV infections may be relevant as US women with vaginal, high risk for cancer, HPV infections, are at up to threefold increased risk of cardiovascular disease as compared with vaginal HPV-negative women.

Detecting human papillomavirus in ocular surface diseases.

Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated as a possible inducing factor for benign and neoplastic ocular surface diseases such as pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). However, the wide range in HPV prevalence previously reported for both diseases adds controversy to, and highlights the limitations of, this field. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in pterygia and OSSN and to devise a standardized approach for detecting viral DNA in ocular tissue samples.

Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus and mouse mammary tumour virus as multiple viruses in breast cancer.

Background: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if Epstein Barr virus (EBV), high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), and mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) co-exist in some breast cancers.

Materials And Methods: All the specimens were from women residing in Australia. For investigations based on standard PCR, we used fresh frozen DNA extracts from 50 unselected invasive breast cancers.

High risk human papillomavirus and Epstein Barr virus in human breast milk.

Background: Multiple viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and mouse mammary tumour virus have been identified in human milk. High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences have been identified in breast cancer. The aim of this study is to determine if viral sequences are present in human milk from normal lactating women.

Human papillomavirus and Epstein Barr virus in prostate cancer: Koilocytes indicate potential oncogenic influences of human papillomavirus in prostate cancer.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to determine if high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are both present in the same prostate cancer specimens.

Methods: We used a range of analytical techniques including in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS-PCR) and standard liquid PCR followed by sequencing of the product to seek to identify HPV and EBV in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues.

Results: Both HPV type 18 and EBV gene sequences were identified in a high and approximately equal proportion of normal, benign, and prostate cancer specimens.

Mouse mammary tumor virus-like sequences in human breast cancer.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) sequences have been reported to be present in some human breast cancers, but it is unclear whether they have any causal role. In mice, MMTV promotes tumor formation indirectly by insertional mutagenesis of Wnt oncogenes that lead to their activation. In this study, we investigated the status of Wnt-1 in human breast cancers harboring MMTV-like sequences encoding viral envelope (env) genes.

High prevalence of prostatic neoplasia in Australian men.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to document the extremely high level of prostatic neoplasia among Australian men.

Methods: The study was based on histological assessment of prostate tissue sampled from an unselected series of 133 cadavers referred for coronial autopsy at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sydney South West Area Health Service, New South Wales.

Results: Evidence of neoplastic growth was identified in prostate tissue sampled from 30% of the 70 men aged 50 years and over, with invasive carcinoma present in 25.

Cytotoxic effects of antipsychotic drugs implicate cholesterol homeostasis as a novel chemotherapeutic target.

The reported reduction in cancer risk in those suffering from schizophrenia may be because antipsychotic medications have antineoplastic effects. In this study, 6 antipsychotic agents with a range of structural and pharmacological properties (reserpine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide, risperidone and olanzapine), were screened for their effect on the viability of cell lines derived from lymphoblastoma, neuroblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer and breast adenocarcinoma. We aimed to determine if antipsychotic drugs in general possess cancer-specific cytotoxic potential, and whether it can be attributed to a common mode of action.

Mouse mammary tumor virus-like env sequences in human breast cancer.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has long been known as a causal agent of breast cancer in mice. To date, varied MMTV-like envelope gene (env) sequences have been identified in up to 74% of human breast cancers. However, the role and origin of these MMTV-like sequences in human breast cancer remain uncertain.

Breastfeeding, breast milk and viruses.

Background: There is seemingly consistent and compelling evidence that there is no association between breastfeeding and breast cancer. An assumption follows that milk borne viruses cannot be associated with human breast cancer. We challenge this evidence because past breastfeeding studies did not determine "exposure" of newborn infants to colostrum and breast milk.

Viruses and human breast cancer.

There are well-established risk factors for breast cancer, most of which relate to estrogens and growth hormones in females. These include early-age menarche, late-age menopause, postmenopausal obesity and use of hormone therapy. However, these factors do not account for the sixfold difference in breast cancer incidence and mortality between countries and the fact that these differences dramatically lessen after migration; nor do they account for male breast cancer.

Organotypic co-cultures allow for immortalized human gingival keratinocytes to reconstitute a gingival epithelial phenotype in vitro.

We report here that the organotypic co-culture (OCC) system allows for significant preservation of the tissue-specific phenotype of human gingival keratinocytes (IHGK) immortalized with the E6/E7 gene of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16). The approach adopted is based on the OCC system facilitating spatially separated cell growth and cell-to-cell interactions via diffusible growth factors. Generally, IHGK reveal transcription of the HPV16 E6/E7 gene at rising passages.