Developing a privacy-preserving deep learning model for glaucoma detection: a multicentre study with federated learning.

Background: Deep learning (DL) is promising to detect glaucoma. However, patients' privacy and data security are major concerns when pooling all data for model development. We developed a privacy-preserving DL model using the federated learning (FL) paradigm to detect glaucoma from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.

Risk of Normal Tension Glaucoma Progression From Automated Baseline Retinal-Vessel Caliber Analysis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between baseline retinal-vessel calibers computed by a deep-learning system and the risk of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) progression.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Methods: Three hundred and ninety eyes from 197 patients with NTG were followed up for at least 24 months.

Radiological Latency in Pineal Germinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Suprasellar germinomas can present with non-diagnostic, or even normal results on imaging. The spectrum of reported cases ranges from normal imaging, thickened pituitary stalks, to discrete tumour growths. This similar phenomenon is less commonly seen in the pineal region, or bifocal germinomas, and the literature is sparse with only a few case series or reports mentioning a similar presentation of signs and symptoms preceding radiological evidence of diagnosis.

Diagnostic assessment of glaucoma and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies via optical texture analysis of the retinal nerve fibre layer.

The clinical diagnostic evaluation of optic neuropathies relies on the analysis of the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) by optical coherence tomography (OCT). However, false positives and false negatives in the detection of RNFL abnormalities are common. Here we show that an algorithm integrating measurements of RNFL thickness and reflectance from standard wide-field OCT scans can be used to uncover the trajectories and optical texture of individual axonal fibre bundles in the retina and to discern distinctive patterns of loss of axonal fibre bundles in glaucoma, compressive optic neuropathy, optic neuritis and non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy.

Combined Phacoemulsification-Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation versus Phacoemulsification Alone in Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: To compare combined phacoemulsification plus endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) versus phacoemulsification alone in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with coexisting cataract.

Design: Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial-a pilot study.

Participants: Forty-eight PACG eyes of 48 patients with coexisting cataract.

Glaucoma as Neurodegeneration in the Brain.

Glaucoma, a group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration that results in irreversible blindness, can be considered a neurodegenerative disorder of both the eye and the brain. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies have shown that glaucoma shares some common neurodegenerative pathways with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and frontotemporal dementia. This hypothesis is based on the focal adhesion pathway hypothesis and the spreading hypothesis of tau.

Global assessment of arteriolar, venular and capillary changes in normal tension glaucoma.

Microcirculatory insufficiency has been hypothesized in glaucoma pathogenesis. There is a scarcity of data to comprehensively examine the changes in retinal microvasculature and its role in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). We conducted a cross-sectional case-control study and included 168 eyes from 100 NTG patients and 68 healthy subjects.

Comparison of Peripapillary Vessel Density of Acute Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Other Optic Neuropathies With Disc Swelling Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: A Pilot Study.

Background: The purpose of this study is to quantitatively compare the peripapillary vessel density (PPVD), measured with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), between acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and other causes of disc swelling ("others").

Methods: In this prospective comparative case series, patients with unilateral disc swelling due to acute NAION (n = 7) and "others" (n = 7) underwent OCT-A scanning of the optic nerve head with a swept-source OCT (Triton DRI-OCT), in addition to functional assessment. OCT-A images were analyzed using an automated customized MATLAB program.

Atypical presentations of intracranial dysgerminoma mimicking central nervous system inflammatory or demyelinating disease.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to report a case series of atypical presentations of intracranial dysgerminoma in which the diagnosis was delayed due to clinical and radiographic findings initially suggestive of CNS inflammatory or demyelinating diseases, such as MS.

Methods: This study is a case series detailing the history, clinical presentations, radiographic and laboratory results, and management of three patients with biopsy-proven intracranial dysgerminoma.

Results: All three patients demonstrated hyperintense lesions on MRI that were more suggestive of demyelinating or inflammatory diseases, including lesions involving the midbrain and corpus callosum.

Intraocular pressure control and visual field changes in primary angle closure disease: the CUHK PACG Longitudinal (CUPAL) study.

Purpose: To determine the relationship of intraocular pressure (IOP) control with subsequent visual field (VF) deterioration in patients with primary angle closure disease (PACD).

Methods: 419 PACD eyes from 240 Chinese patients were included. Mean IOP and IOP fluctuation were calculated as the average and SD divided by mean IOP, respectively, of all the IOP measured in the initial 18 months for assessment of IOP control.

Proceedings of the Neuro-Ophthalmology Program of the 33rd Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Congress, Hong Kong, 8-11 February 2018.

The 33rd Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress was held on Feb 8-11, 2018 in Hong Kong. This report summarized the highlights of the neuro-ophthalmology program of the Congress, including the scientific symposia (invited and submitted) and the social activities.

The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Acute Management of Neuro-Ophthalmic Diseases.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide high-speed and high-resolution images of the anatomical structures of the optic nerve head and macula. However, in neuro-ophthalmic conditions that present acutely, structural changes lag functional deficits, and the role of OCT in the acute setting has been challenged. This review aims to summarize the recent literature and evidence supporting the use of OCT in the acute management of some common neuro-ophthalmic scenarios, including the differential diagnosis of optic disc swelling, and in patients with suspected papilledema, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathies, and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

The use of optical coherence tomography in neuro-ophthalmology.

Purpose Of Review: In the last decade, with the advances of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology, different imaging protocols and analysis algorithms have been introduced to maximize the potential of this diagnostic tool in the evaluation of different eye diseases. This review aims to provide an update on these additional features, with respect to the management of a diverse range of neuro-ophthalmologic conditions.

Recent Findings: Macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) analysis has been shown to be superior to peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) analysis in certain settings, such as differentiating Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy from functional visual loss; monitoring neurodegenerative diseases or multiple sclerosis; and predicting visual loss in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy.

Optic Disc and Macular Imaging in Blind Eyes from Non-glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: A Study with Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the optic disc and macular thickness measurements using two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) instruments in long-standing blind eyes diagnosed with non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies (NGON). A prospective observational case-series design was used. Twelve eyes from 12 NGON patients with no light perception for at least 6 months underwent optic disc and macular imaging with Cirrus HD-OCT and Spectralis OCT.

Anatomical effects of clear lens extraction by phacoemulsification versus trabeculectomy on anterior chamber drainage angle in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) patients.

Purpose: To document the anatomical effects of clear lens extraction by phacoemulsification versus trabeculectomy on anterior chamber angle in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).

Methods: Gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) were performed pre-operatively, and at 1 year after clear lens extraction or trabeculectomy in PACG eyes.

Results: Fifty PACG eyes of 50 patients were included.

The Pathogenesis of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Although nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is known to occur as a result of ischemic insult to the anterior portion of the optic nerve, its etiology and pathogenesis remain elusive. Because NAION is a nonfatal condition, acute, postmortem histopathologic analysis has never been undertaken. Animal models of NAION have been created with the use of an iodinated derivative of fluorescein, rose bengal.

Acute and subacute inflammation of the optic nerve and its sheath: clinical features in Chinese patients.

Objective: Inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and its sheath (optic perineuritis) can have similar initial clinical presentations. They are less well-defined in the Chinese than in Caucasians, and the aetiology of optic neuritis may also differ depending on ethnicity. The aim of our study was to document the clinical features of acute/subacute optic neuritis/optic perineuritis in Chinese patients.

Is four a deadly number for the Chinese?

Background: The numbers 4, 14 and 24 are associated with death for Cantonese-speaking Chinese people, as the words for these numbers sound like the words for "death", "must die" and "easy to die", respectively. A previous study in the United States investigating psychological stress engendered by fear of the number 4 found more cardiac deaths in Chinese and Japanese people, compared with white Americans, on the 4th day of the month.

Objective: To determine whether more cardiac deaths occur in Hong Kong Chinese people on the days of the month with "deathly connotations" (4, 14 and 24).