Donnan dialysis for phosphate recovery from diverted urine.

There is a critical need to shift from existing linear phosphorous management practices to a more sustainable circular P economy. Closing the nutrient loop can reduce our reliance on phosphate mining, which has well-documented environmental impacts, while simultaneously alleviating P pollution of aquatic environments from wastewater discharges that are not completely treated. The high orthophosphate, HPO, content in source-separated urine offers propitious opportunities for P recovery.