Ethical Use of Cadaveric Images in Anatomical Textbooks, Atlases, and Journals: A Consensus Response From Authors and Editors.

Nowadays, consent to use donor bodies for medical education and research is obtained from the body donors and their families before the donation. Recently, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) published guidelines that could restrict the appearance of cadaveric images in commercial anatomical resources such as textbooks and other educational products. These guidelines state that the donor must expressly consent to using such images for this purpose.

Nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle: An anatomical study and surgical application to smile reconstruction.

Smile reconstruction using the branches that supply the zygomaticus major muscle as a motor source is an established procedure in facial reanimation surgery for facial paralysis. However, the anatomy of the nerve to the muscle remains unclear. Therefore, we herein examined the topographical anatomy of the nerve to the zygomaticus major muscle to obtain more detailed information on donor nerve anatomy.

Hypoglossal-Facial Side-to-End Neurorrhaphy With Concomitant Masseteric-Zygomatic Nerve Branch Coaptation and Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation: Technique and Case Report.

Background: Hypoglossal-facial direct side-to-end neurorrhaphy has become widely used for facial reanimation in patients with irreversible facial nerve damage. Although this procedure achieves good restoration of facial function, it has disadvantages such as mass movement and lack of spontaneity.

Objective: To present a new facial reanimation technique using hypoglossal-facial direct side-to-end neurorrhaphy with concomitant masseteric-zygomatic nerve branch coaptation and secondary muscle transfer to reduce mass movement and achieve a spontaneous smile in patients with facial paralysis.

Immediate Cranioplasty for Postcranioplasty Infection in Patients with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt.

Background: Patients with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt tend to develop epidural fluid accumulation after cranioplasty and also have a higher frequency of syndrome of the trephined after bone flap removal. Thus treatment of patients with postcranioplasty infection and a VP shunt is often challenging.

Case Description: We treated 2 patients with postcranioplasty infection and a VP shunt.

Titanium Mesh Implant Exposure Due To Pressure Gradient Fluctuation.

Objective: Titanium mesh implants (TMIs) are used for various purposes in craniotomy. Although delayed implant exposure and thinning of the overlying skin are well-known complications, the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. We reviewed our cases and propose a mechanism for TMI exposure.

Differential Reanimation of the Midface and Lower Face Using the Masseteric and Hypoglossal Nerves for Facial Paralysis.

Background: Hypoglossal nerve transfer is frequently employed to reanimate the paralyzed facial muscles after irreversible proximal facial nerve injury. However, it can cause significant postoperative synkinesis because it involves the reinnervation of the whole mimetic musculature using a single motor source.

Objective: To describe our experience with differential reanimation of the midface and lower face using separate motor sources in patients with short-term facial paralysis after brain surgery.

Versatility of the Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap during the Treatment of Complex Postcraniotomy Surgical Site Infections.

Background: Some intractable cases of postcraniotomy infection, which can involve compromised skin, an open frontal air sinus, and residual epidural dead space, have been reported. In such cases, reconstructing the scalp and skull is challenging.

Methods: Between 2009 and 2016, the author treated 12 patients with recalcitrant postcraniotomy surgical site infections with latissimus dorsi (LD) free flaps.

Masseter Atrophication after Masseteric Nerve Transfer. Is It Negligible?

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Masseteric Nerve as "Baby Sitter" Procedure in Incomplete Facial Paralysis.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Selective orbicularis neuromyectomy for postparetic periocular synkinesis.

Background: Facial synkinesis is a distressing consequence of incomplete recovery from facial paralysis. The author presents selective orbicularis neuromyectomy as an alternative surgical treatment for periocular synkinesis.

Methods: Eleven patients (eight women and three men; mean age: 67 years; range: 50-77 years) with postparetic facial synkinesis underwent selective orbicularis neuromyectomy at our hospital between March 2010 and December 2013.

Masseteric nerve transfer for short-term facial paralysis following skull base surgery.

Background: Nerve transfers have been widely used to reanimate paralyzed facial muscles after irreversible proximal injuries to the facial nerve. The author has developed a technique involving masseteric nerve transfer combined with cross-facial nerve grafting for treating skull base surgery-induced facial paralysis. This paper aims to demonstrate that this procedure is effective and causes negligible donor site morbidity.

Cranial Reconstruction following the Removal of an Infected Synthetic Dura Mater Substitute.

Background: The objective of this study was to describe the outcomes of an algorithmic approach to cranial reconstruction following the removal of an infected synthetic dura mater substitute due to postcraniotomy infection.

Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the cases of 12 patients who underwent cranial reconstruction from 2006 to 2013 after the removal of an infected expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (a synthetic dura mater substitute) due to postcraniotomy infection.

Results: Average patient age was 46 years (range, 19-70 years).

Modified cranialization and secondary cranioplasty for frontal sinus infection after craniotomy: technical note.

Frontal sinus infection after incorrect treatment of an opened frontal sinus may require extended approaches. This article aims to introduce modified cranialization technique and secondary cranioplasty for frontal sinus infection involving the frontal sinus outflow tract after craniotomy. Eight patients with delayed onset frontal sinus infection involving frontal outflow tract after craniotomy were treated from 2008 to 2012.

Medial maxillary fractures revisited.

Background: We consider medial maxillary fractures to be a unique type of nasomaxillary buttress fracture involving the lateral margin of the piriform aperture, the maxillary frontal process and the medial aspect of the infraorbital rim. This article aims to define medial maxillary fractures as a unique type of facial bone fracture.

Methods: Eight patients with medial maxillary fractures were treated at our hospital from May 2010 to June 2013.

Orbital fracture deterioration after scuba diving.

Sinus barotrauma is a common disease in divers. However, it is not familiar to maxillofacial surgeon. We presented orbital fracture deterioration by sinus barotrauma in scuba diving and a review of literatures.

One-piece versus two-piece orbitozygomatic craniotomy: quantitative and qualitative considerations.

Objective: The orbitozygomatic (OZ) craniotomy minimizes brain retraction and improves cranial base exposure by providing a multidirectional view, increased operative angles and working space. The two main variations of the approach include the one-piece and the two-piece types. The microsurgical anatomy of the one- and two-piece OZ craniotomies are presented with the goal of comparing the extent of orbital roof removal between these two craniotomies and the effect of orbital roof removal on operative exposure.

Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the parietal foramen and to determine whether it is the site of an anastomosis between the meningeal and scalp arteries.

Methods: Forty parietal regions from 20 adult cadavers, in which the arteries were perfused with colored latex, were examined for this study. The scalp was separated from the parietal foramen, and the vasculature in the foramen and adjacent scalp and dura were examined using x3 magnification.

MacCarty keyhole and inferior orbital fissure in orbitozygomatic craniotomy.

Objective: This study had two objectives. The first was to define the ideal position of the MacCarty keyhole, a commonly used craniotomy entry site into which three of the bone cuts in orbitozygomatic craniotomy extend. The second objective was to examine the relationships in the inferior orbital fissure, a site into which two of the bone cuts in orbitozygomatic craniotomy extend.

Vascular anatomy of the anteriorly based pericranial flap.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the vascular supply of the anteriorly based frontal pericranial flap to determine whether separating the pericranium from the galea above the orbital rim would devascularize the pericranial flap.

Methods: The arteries supplying and the veins draining the frontal pericranial flap were examined in 17 adult cadavers using x3 to x30 magnification. The arteries were examined on 25 sides and the veins on 16 sides.