Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage to the Chest Subcutaneous Pocket Due to Aggressive Brain Edema around the Leads for Deep Brain Stimulation: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Cerebral edema around the lead has been reported as a complication of deep brain stimulation; however, the causes remain unknown. Herein, we present a rare case of sudden cerebral edema around the lead occurring after deep brain stimulation. This was accompanied by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage into the subcutaneous thoracic pocket around the implantable pulse generator in a 53-year-old man with Parkinson's disease.

Foreign body granuloma around implantable pulse generator for deep brain stimulation: Two case reports.

We report two cases of granuloma that occurred around an implantable pulse generator (IPG) for deep brain stimulation. Both cases showed no signs of infection and disappeared after moving the IPG and removing the granulation. If a noninfectious mass is formed, the relocation of IPG may improve it.

Why a Catheter Can Be Correctly Placed in the Anterior Horn of Lateral Ventricle by Inserting Perpendicular to the Frontal Bone on the Ventricular Drainage? Demonstration of the Accuracy of an Inserting Path by Computed Tomographic Image Study and Clinical Practices.

Why a catheter can be correctly placed in the ventricle by inserting perpendicular to the frontal bone on the ventricular drainage? We performed a study on the accuracy of a path perpendicular to the skull surface into the anterior horn using computed tomography (CT), and a clinical study. Twenty patients were studied on CT images. Using the curved multi-planar reconstruction method, the curved frontal skull and brain were reconstructed to flat structures, and perpendicular lines were drawn from the flat surface to the foramen of Monro on the reconstructed images.

Regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization after contact lens wear in vivo and in serum-free culture by ocular surface cells.

Purpose: To determine the effects of contact lenses (CLs) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection on localization of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) on corneal surface epithelial cells and the association between lipid raft formation and CFTR in mediating PA binding and internalization in ocular surface epithelium.

Methods: CFTR immunolocalization was evaluated in vivo in rabbit corneal-conjunctival epithelium (with/without CL wear) before and after PA exposure and in serum-free human corneal epithelial cell culture (hTCEpi). Lipid raft formation was visualized with Alexa555-conjugated cholera toxin beta-subunit.

Prolonged hypoxia induces lipid raft formation and increases Pseudomonas internalization in vivo after contact lens wear and lid closure.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of hypoxia on lipid raft formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization by the corneal epithelium with and without the physical effects of contact lens wear.

Methods: One eye of each rabbit was randomly fitted with a low-Dk rigid gas-permeable contact lens (LDCTL) or closed with sutures, with the other as a control. After 1 day or 3 days, the rabbits were killed and bacterial invasion was assessed by gentamicin survival assay.

Bcl-2 and Bax regulation of corneal homeostasis in genetically altered mice.

Purpose: The antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and its proapoptotic counterpart Bax may play an important role in the regulation of corneal epithelial renewal. To understand the physiologic importance of Bcl-2 and Bax in the healthy cornea, epithelial and stromal thickness, proliferation, and surface cell exfoliation rates were examined in the central cornea of genetically altered mice overexpressing Bcl-2 and lacking Bax.

Methods: Adult Bcl-2 transgenic (n = 55) and Bax knockout (n = 82) mice and wild-type controls were clinically prescreened at no less than 2 months of age for any ocular developmental abnormalities.

Internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by lipid rafts in contact lens-wearing rabbit and cultured human corneal epithelial cells.

Purpose: The internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in nasal and tracheal epithelium has recently been shown to involve the formation of cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane domains (lipid rafts). The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lipid rafts in PA internalization by corneal epithelium in vivo, in vitro, and after contact lens wear.

Methods: Lipid raft formation was evaluated in rabbit corneas with and without contact lens wear and a human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell line before and after PA infection with cornea-pathogenic strains by staining with FITC-conjugated cholera toxin beta-subunit, known to bind the lipid raft component GM1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal binding after 24-hour orthokeratology lens wear.

Purpose: To examine the effect of short-term 24-hr orthokeratology lens (OKL) wear on Pseudomonas aeruginosa binding, epithelial surface cell morphology, epithelial sheet thickness, and stromal thickness in a rabbit model.

Methods: Seventeen New Zealand white rabbits were treated according to the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Partial membranectomy was performed on all rabbits 1 week before the experiments.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma originating at the site of a previous fronto-temporal craniotomy.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults. MFH occurrence in the bones of the skull is extremely rare, and, to our knowledge, it has not been reported in a patient with a history of craniotomy. A 69 year old woman presented with a large mass in the left fronto-temporal bone.