Effect of 6-Week Sprint Training on Long-Distance Running Performance in Highly Trained Runners.

Purpose: Long-distance running performance has been reported to be associated with sprint performance in highly trained distance runners. Therefore, we hypothesized that sprint training could enhance distance running and sprint performance in long-distance runners. This study examined the effect of 6-week sprint training on long-distance running and sprint performance in highly trained distance runners.

Circulating catecholamines, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide releases do not explain the preserved FMD following acute resistance exercise in strength-trained men.

Purpose: Acute resistance exercise decreases endothelial function in sedentary individuals but not in strength-trained (ST) individuals. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of vascular protection in ST individuals remains unclear. Herein, we compared catecholamines, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide (NOx) releases after acute resistance exercise between sedentary and ST individuals.

Muscle Oxygenation during Repeated Cycling Sprints in a Combined Hot and Hypoxic Condition.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combined hot and hypoxic environment on muscle oxygenation and performance during repeated cycling sprints. In a single-blind, counterbalanced, cross-over research design, 10 male athletes performed three sets of 3 × 10-s maximal pedaling interspersed with 40-s recovery between sprints under four different environments. Each condition consisted of a control (CON; 20°C, 20.

A clinical survey of dehydration during winter training in elite fencing athletes.

Background: Fencing is suggested as one of the most dangerous sporting events in terms of dehydration because of the uniform and gear covering the entire body. We aimed to elucidate the change in hydration status before and after training in elite fencing athletes in winter along with the assessment of sex and fencing style differences.

Methods: Twenty-seven elite fencing athletes (14 males and 13 females) belonging to the Japanese National Team participated in this clinical survey.

Acute Effect of Repeated Sprint Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction During Rest Periods on Muscle Oxygenation.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of applying BFR during rest periods of repeated cycling sprints on muscle oxygenation.

Methods: Seven active males performed 5 × 10-s maximal pedaling efforts with 40-s passive rest, with or without BFR application during rest period. BFR was applied for 30 s between sprints (between 5 and 35 s into rest) through a pneumatic pressure cuff inflated at 140 mmHg.

Augmented muscle glycogen utilization following a single session of sprint training in hypoxia.

Purpose: This study determined the effect of a single session of sprint interval training in hypoxia on muscle glycogen content among athletes.

Methods: Ten male college track and field sprinters (mean ± standard error of the mean: age, 21.1 ± 0.

Muscle oxygenation, endocrine and metabolic regulation during low-intensity endurance exercise with blood flow restriction.

Purpose: The present study investigated the effect of endurance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) performed at either 25% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max) or 40% V˙O2 max) on muscle oxygenation, energy metabolism, and endocrine responses.

Methods: Ten males were recruited in the present study. The subjects performed three trials: (1) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max without BFR (NBFR40), (2) endurance exercise at 25% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR25), and (3) endurance exercise at 40% V˙O2 max with BFR (BFR40).

Acute performance and physiological responses to repeated-sprint exercise in a combined hot and hypoxic environment.

We investigated performance, energy metabolism, acid-base balance, and endocrine responses to repeated-sprint exercise in hot and/or hypoxic environment. In a single-blind, cross-over study, 10 male highly trained athletes completed a repeated cycle sprint exercise (3 sets of 3 × 10-s maximal sprints with 40-s passive recovery) under four conditions (control [CON; 20℃, 50% rH, FiO : 20.9%; sea level], hypoxia [HYP; 20℃, 50% rH, FiO : 14.

Resistance exercise causes greater serum hepcidin elevation than endurance (cycling) exercise.

Background: Hepcidin is an iron regulating hormone, and exercise-induced hepcidin elevation is suggested to increase the risk of iron deficiency among athletes.

Objective: We compared serum hepcidin responses to resistance exercise and endurance (cycling) exercise.

Methods: Ten males [mean ± standard error: 172 ± 2 cm, body weight: 70 ± 2 kg] performed three trials: a resistance exercise trial (RE), an endurance exercise trial (END), and a rest trial (REST).

Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Growth Factor Responses to Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Hypoxia.

The present study was designed to determine the effects of repeated-sprint exercise in moderate hypoxia on inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and angiogenic growth factor responses among athletes. Ten male college track and field sprinters [mean ± standard error (SE): age, 20.9 ± 0.

Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Double-Poling Sprint Exercise in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia.

We compared upper limb muscle oxygenation responses during repeated double-poling sprint exercise in normobaric hypoxia and normoxia. Eight male kayakers completed a repeated double-poling sprint exercise (3 × 3 × 20-s maximal sprints, 40-s passive recovery, 5-min rest) in either hypoxia (HYP, FiO = 14.5%) or normoxia (NOR, FiO = 20.

The Effects of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Acid-Base Balance, Potassium Kinetics, and Exogenous Glucose Oxidation.

Purpose: To investigate the carbohydrate metabolism, acid-base balance, and potassium kinetics in response to exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes.

Methods: Nine trained endurance athletes [maximal oxygen uptake (VO): 62.5 ± 1.

Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training in Hypoxia on Running Performance.

Purpose: We hypothesized that respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) in hypoxia induces greater improvements in respiratory muscle endurance with attenuated respiratory muscle metaboreflex and consequent whole-body performance. We evaluated respiratory muscle endurance and cardiovascular response during hyperpnoea and whole-body running performance before and after RMET in normoxia and hypoxia.

Methods: Twenty-one collegiate endurance runners were assigned to control (n = 7), normoxic (n = 7), and hypoxic (n = 7) groups.

Metabolic and Performance Responses to Sprint Exercise under Hypoxia among Female Athletes.

The present study determined metabolic and performance responses to repeated sprint exercise under hypoxia among female team-sport athletes. Fifteen female athletes (age, 20.7±0.

The effects of endurance exercise in hypoxia on acid-base balance and potassium kinetics: a randomized crossover design in male endurance athletes.

Background: Exercise-induced disturbance of acid-base balance and accumulation of extracellular potassium (K) are suggested to elicit fatigue. Exercise under hypoxic conditions may augment exercise-induced alterations of these two factors compared with exercise under normoxia. In the present study, we investigated acid-base balance and potassium kinetics in response to exercise under moderate hypoxic conditions in endurance athletes.

Post-Exercise Whole Body Cryotherapy (-140 °C) Increases Energy Intake in Athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) treatment after exercise on appetite regulation and energy intake.

Methods: Twelve male athletes participated in two trials on different days. In both trials, participants performed high-intensity intermittent exercise.

Impact of inserted long rest periods during repeated sprint exercise on performance adaptation.

Repeated sprint training consists of a series of brief maximal sprints, 3-7 s in duration, separated by short rest periods of <60 s. However, little is known about the influence of different rest period lengths between sprints on performance adaptation. We determined the influence of inserting long rest periods during repeated sprint training on performance adaptation in competitive athletes.

Impact of 5 Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance and Muscle Energy Substances.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of 5 consecutive days of repeated sprint training under hypoxia on anaerobic performance and energy substances. Nineteen male sprinters performed repeated sprints for 5 consecutive days under a hypoxic (HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen [FO], 14.5%) or normoxic (NOR; FO, 20.

Postexercise serum hepcidin response to repeated sprint exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

We determined the effects of repeated sprint exercise under normoxic and hypoxic conditions on serum hepcidin levels. Ten male athletes (age: 20.9 ± 0.

Appetite Regulations After Sprint Exercise Under Hypoxic Condition in Female Athletes.

Kojima, C, Kasai, N, Ishibashi, A, Murakami, Y, Ebi, K, and Goto, K. Appetite regulations after sprint exercise under hypoxic condition in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1773-1780, 2019-The present study determined changes in appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIT) under hypoxic conditions (HYP) in trained female athletes.

Impact of Six Consecutive Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance in Competitive Sprint Runners.

Kasai, N, Mizuno, S, Ishimoto, S, Sakamoto, E, Maruta, M, Kurihara, T, Kurosawa, Y, and Goto, K. Impact of six consecutive days of sprint training in hypoxia on performance in competitive sprint runners. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 36-43, 2019-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 successive days of repeated sprint (RS) training in moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in 100-200-m sprint runners.

Effect of training in hypoxia on repeated sprint performance in female athletes.

Background: This study determined the effect of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) in female athletes.

Methods: Thirty-two college female athletes performed repeated cycling sprints of two sets of 10 × 7-s sprints with a 30-s rest between sprints twice per week for 4 weeks under either normoxic conditions (RSN group; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 16) or hypoxic conditions (RSH group; FiO2, 14.