Expression of the heparin-binding growth factor midkine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological disorders.

Objective: This study was to clarify the roles of midkine (MK) in the brain.

Methods: We determined cerebrospinal fluid MK levels in patients with neurological disorders by enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunostained autopsied brain samples in patients with meningitis.

Results: MK levels were 0.

Precedence of the shift of body-fat distribution over the change in body composition after menopause.

Aim: This study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena after menopause: decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), change in body composition (lean and fat components), and the shift toward upper body fat distribution.

Methods: Subjects were 188 postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years old. They were divided into four subgroups based on 4-year increments in age.

Difference in the relative contribution of lean and fat mass components to bone mineral density with generation.

Aim: To investigate whether the relative contribution of body composition (lean and fat mass component) to bone mineral density (BMD) differs depending on generation or menopause.

Methods: Subjects were 302 premenopausal women aged 30-49 years old and 197 postmenopausal women aged 50-69 years old. They were classified into four subgroups with 10-year increments.