Oral Immunization with Soybean Storage Protein Containing Amyloid-β 4-10 Prevents Spatial Learning Decline.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because AD pathologies begin two decades before the onset of dementia, prevention of Aβ amyloidosis has been proposed as a mean to block the pathological cascade. Here, we generate a transgenic plant-based vaccine, a soybean storage protein containing Aβ4-10, named Aβ+, for oral Aβ immunization.

Potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of sorafenib against human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells.

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is rising in clinical importance due to the increasing incidence worldwide, poor prognosis, and suboptimal response to therapies. New effective therapeutic approaches are needed for improvement of treatment outcome. A recent study showed that sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that acts predominantly through inhibition of Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, exhibited potent antitumor activity in a preclinical model of cholangiocarcinoma cells.

Two waves of memory B-cell generation in the primary immune response.

Memory B cells can be generated independently of germinal center (GC) formation and affinity maturation in Bcl-6-deficient mice, but the contribution of the GC-independent pathway for memory B-cell generation in normal mice remains unknown. To examine this, we administrated anti-inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) mAbs into mice at the onset of GC formation in the primary response. This manipulation affected the generation of GC B cells in the spleen, but neither IgG1 memory B cell nor production of IgG1 long-term antibody was affected.