Scale-up of Global Child and Youth Mental Health Services: A Scoping Review.

Numerous influential policy and scientific bodies are calling for more rapid advances in the scale-up of child and youth mental health services (CYMHS). A number of CYMHS innovations hold promise for advancing scale-up but little is known about how real-world efforts are progressing. We conducted a scoping review to identify promising approaches to CYMHS scale-up across the globe.

REDESIGNING JUVENILE PROBATION TO ALIGN WITH BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLEs: A Quasi-Experimental study.

Science advisory boards and policy organizations have called for adolescent brain science to be incorporated into juvenile probation operations. To achieve this, Opportunity-Based Probation (OBP), a probation model that integrates knowledge of adolescent development and behavior change principles, was developed in collaboration with a local juvenile probation department. The current study compares outcomes (recidivism and probation violations) for youth in the OBP condition versus probation as usual.

Racial disparities in youth pretrial detention: a retrospective cohort study grounded in critical race theory.

Background And Method: Pretrial detention makes up 75% of juvenile detention admissions and contributes to the disproportionate contact of minoritized youth in the juvenile carceral system. Given that prior evidence largely examines differences between Black and white youth, this study expands research on disproportionate contact in the pretrial detention setting to Hispanic/Latinx, Indigenous, and Asian youth. With a sample of over 44,000 juvenile cases in a northwest state, we used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate the effect of individual level characteristics while accounting for the random effect of differences at the county level.

Lifetime use of non-nicotine drugs in electronic cigarette devices among a sample of individuals in substance use disorder treatment.

Background: Limited data are available on other substance use in e-cigarettes (OSUE). The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and predictors of OSUE among a sample of individuals in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.

Methods: In 2019, we surveyed 553 individuals from 18 residential SUD treatment programs in California, USA.

Correlates of e-cigarette use for smoking cessation among clients in residential substance use disorder treatment.

Little is known about e-cigarette use among persons in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, or their use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Prevalence of e-cigarette use and correlates of e-cigarette use for smoking cessation were examined among clients in SUD treatment. Participants (n = 332) were current cigarette smokers recruited from 20 residential SUD programs in California.

Accelerating the conceptual use of behavioral health research in juvenile court decision-making: study protocol.

Background: The youth criminal-legal system is under heavy political scrutiny with multiple calls for significant transformation. Leaders within the system are faced with rethinking traditional models and are likely to benefit from behavioral health research evidence as they redesign systems. Little is known about how juvenile court systems access and use behavioral health research evidence; further, the field lacks a validated survey measure of behavioral health research use that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence dissemination interventions for policy and system leaders.

Perceived reward from using cigarettes with alcohol or cannabis and concurrent use: A smartphone-based daily diary study.

Introduction: Smoking cigarettes under the influence of alcohol or cannabis is associated with perceived pleasure. However, it is unclear whether these changes in perceived reward impact the extent of concurrent use of cigarettes with alcohol or cannabis. The current study investigated if self-reported changes in perceived reward from concurrent use of cigarettes with alcohol or cannabis are related to the extent of concurrent use in real-world contexts using a smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study.

Correlates of lifetime blunt/spliff use among cigarette smokers in substance use disorders treatment.

Background: Co-use of tobacco and cannabis has been associated with greater dependence on and lower quit rates for both substances. Tobacco/cannabis co-use among individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), a population with high rates of cigarette smoking, may hinder the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. We examined rates of lifetime (i.

Sex Differences in Graphic Warning Label Ratings by Addictions Clients.

Objectives: Research on sex differences in responses to cigarette graphic warning labels (GWLs) has been limited despite tobacco-related, health disparities for women. We examined whether women had stronger responses to certain labels than to others, whether this pattern differed from men's, and whether there were overall sex ratings differences.

Methods: Smokers (N = 881) in 24, addictions treatment programs rated 3 of 9 Food and Drug Administration-developed labels on credibility, message reactance, quit motivation, and negative emotions.

Recent cessation attempts and receipt of cessation services among a diverse primary care population - A mixed methods study.

Smoking rates are high among low-income populations who seek care in safety-net clinics. While most safety-net clinics screen for cigarette smoking, there are substantial disparities in the delivery of smoking cessation counseling in these systems. We conducted a mixed method study between July 2016 and April 2017 to examine receipt of smoking cessation counseling and estimate recent cessation attempts among primary care patients in four safety-net clinics in San Francisco.

Smoking related outcomes before and after implementation of tobacco-free grounds in residential substance use disorder treatment programs.

Background: This study examined the impact of a tobacco-free grounds (TFG) policy and the California $2.00/pack tobacco tax increase on tobacco use among individuals in residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.

Methods: We conducted three cross-sectional surveys of clients enrolled in three residential SUD treatment programs.

Young adults report increased pleasure from using e-cigarettes and smoking tobacco cigarettes when drinking alcohol.

Background: Cigarettes share a high rate of co-use with alcohol, particularly among young adults. Studies have demonstrated greater perceived pleasure from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol. However, little is known about co-use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and alcohol.

Tobacco Cessation Services in Addiction Treatment: What Do Clients Say?

Objective: Specialty addiction programs treat people who are addicted to alcohol, opioids, stimulants, and other drugs. This study identified the proportion of addiction program clients who received tobacco-related services and factors associated with receipt of such services.

Methods: In 2015 and 2016, clients (N=2,119) in 24 programs were surveyed for receipt of services aligning with three of the five As of tobacco cessation: ask, advise, assist.

Differences in tobacco use prevalence, behaviors, and cessation services by race/ethnicity: A survey of persons in addiction treatment.

Background: Disparities in tobacco use prevalence, behaviors, and services have been identified among people of different racial and ethnic groups in the United States general population. Persons in addiction treatment have among the highest smoking prevalence of any population. However, little is known about racial and ethnic disparities in tobacco use prevalence, behaviors, and services among persons in addiction treatment.

Health risk perceptions and reasons for use of tobacco products among clients in addictions treatment.

Introduction: We examined rates of use, health risk perceptions and reasons for use of combustible and non-combustible tobacco products among clients enrolled in addictions treatment across the United States.

Methods: Participants (N = 1153) completed tobacco use surveys and rated health risk perception of all products. Users of non-cigarette products reported their main reason for use of each product.

Menthol cigarette smoking among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders.

There are higher rates of menthol cigarette smoking within certain population subgroups. Limited research has examined menthol use among individuals in treatment for substance use disorders (SUD), a population with a high prevalence of cigarette smoking, poor smoking cessation outcomes, and high tobacco disease burden. Survey data were collected from 863 smokers sampled from 24 SUD treatment programs affiliated with the NIDA Clinical Trials Network (CTN) in the United States.

Young adults report increased pleasure from smoking cigarettes when drinking alcohol but not when using marijuana.

Background: Among young adults, cigarette smoking is strongly associated with alcohol and marijuana use. The present study compared self-reported co-use of cigarettes and alcohol versus cigarettes and marijuana among young adults using cross-sectional survey data.

Methods: Participants were young adult cigarette smokers (age 18 to 25) who also reported past month alcohol or marijuana use enrolled in a randomized trial testing a smoking cessation intervention on Facebook.

Smoking-related outcomes and associations with tobacco-free policy in addiction treatment, 2015-2016.

Objective: This study assessed changes in smoking-related outcomes in two cross-sectional samples of clients enrolled in addiction treatment and whether tobacco-free grounds policies were associated with smoking-related outcomes.

Method: Clients in 25 programs were surveyed in 2015 (N=1176) and 2016 (N=1055). The samples were compared on smoking prevalence, cigarettes per day (CPD), thinking of quitting, past year quit attempts, staff and clients smoking together, attitudes towards quitting, and tobacco-related services.

Nicotine biomarkers and rate of nicotine metabolism among cigarette smokers taking buprenorphine for opioid dependency.

Background: Individual differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism contribute to differences in tobacco use, dependence, and efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and can be assessed using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a validated biomarker for CYP2A6 activity. Despite the high cigarette smoking rates observed in opioid users, no data have been reported on NMR among this population as they has been largely excluded from previous studies that have examined the relationship between tobacco use characteristics and rate of nicotine metabolism.

Methods: A linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between tobacco use characteristics and NMR among smokers taking buprenorphine for opioid dependency (N=141).

A Comparison of Daily Versus Weekly Electronic Cigarette Users in Treatment for Substance Abuse.

Objective: This research examined electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use by individuals in treatment for substance abuse, a population with a high prevalence of tobacco use and poor smoking cessation outcomes.

Methods: We surveyed 1127 individuals from 24 substance abuse treatment centers across the United States. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were used to examine factors associated with daily (N = 87) versus weekly (N = 81) e-cigarette use.

Use of multiple tobacco products in a national sample of persons enrolled in addiction treatment.

Objective: To explore use of tobacco products in relationship to marketing exposure among persons in addiction treatment.

Method: A random sample of treatment programs was drawn from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Participants in each program completed surveys concerning use of tobacco products (N=1113).

Electronic-cigarette use by individuals in treatment for substance abuse: A survey of 24 treatment centers in the United States.

Prevalence and reasons for using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) was examined among patients enrolled in 24 substance abuse treatment centers in the United States (N=1113). Prevalence of e-cigarette use was assessed for the full sample. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify characteristics associated with e-cigarette use among current cigarette smokers (the majority of e-cigarette users).

Racial differences in the relationship between rate of nicotine metabolism and nicotine intake from cigarette smoking.

Rate of nicotine metabolism has been identified as an important factor influencing nicotine intake and can be estimated using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a validated biomarker of CYP2A6 enzyme activity. Individuals who metabolize nicotine faster (higher NMR) may alter their smoking behavior to titrate their nicotine intake in order to maintain similar levels of nicotine in the body compared to slower nicotine metabolizers. There are known racial differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism with African Americans on average having a slower rate of nicotine metabolism compared to Whites.

Associations between binge drinking frequency and tobacco use among young adults.

Tobacco use is greater among young adults who binge drink; yet there is limited research on tobacco use characteristics among different types of binge drinkers based on frequency. We aimed to characterize this relationship among young adults (18-25years old) who used both substances in the past month (smoked ≥1 cigarette, and drank ≥1 alcoholic beverage) using an anonymous online survey. Participants (N=1405, 65.

Cessation of alcohol consumption decreases rate of nicotine metabolism in male alcohol-dependent smokers.

Background: Rate of nicotine metabolism is an important factor influencing cigarette smoking behavior, dependence, and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy. The current study examined the hypothesis that chronic alcohol abuse can accelerate the rate of nicotine metabolism. Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, a biomarker for rate of nicotine metabolism) and patterns of nicotine metabolites were assessed at three time points after alcohol cessation.