Early-onset bipolar disorder, stress, and coping responses of mothers: A comparative study.

Background: Providing care and nurturance to a child with bipolar disorder (BPAD) is a challenging task for parents, especially mothers. In Indian contexts, mothers are the primary caregivers of ailing children and they have to keep intrafamily situation stable, which makes their role more stressful.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess maternal stress and coping in mothers of adolescents with BPAD.

Evaluation of N-400 Evoked Response Potential in schizophrenia: An endophenotype or a disease marker?

N400 evoked response potentials (ERP) reliably map key semantic deficits in schizophrenia. Assessing them as endophenotypes might help in better understanding of schizophrenia risk and their use as biomarkers. We aimed to study N400 as an endophenotype marker by comparing schizophrenia (SCZ), unaffected first-degree relatives (FDR) and healthy controls (HC) and, by assessing its ability to discriminate these groups.

Impaired recollection-based episodic memory as a cognitive endophenotype in schizophrenia.

Introduction: Patients with schizophrenia show impaired recollection but largely preserved familiarity-based episodic memory. This study was done to clarify the endophenotypic nature of recollection and familiarity-based episodic memory in schizophrenia and the role of emotional valence of memoranda and degree of recall confidence in it.

Method: Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia, one unaffected sibling of each patient, and twenty-three healthy controls completed two tasks assessing recollection and familiarity-based processes in episodic memory.

Artificial intelligence-based classification of schizophrenia: A high density electroencephalographic and support vector machine study.

Background: Interview-based schizophrenia (SCZ) diagnostic methods are not completely valid. Moreover, SCZ-the disease entity is very heterogeneous. Supervised-Machine-Learning (sML) application of Artificial-Intelligence holds a tremendous promise in solving these issues.

Predictors of chronicity in alcohol use disorder: an evoked response potential study.

Evoked response potentials (ERP) can reliably map key neurocognitive processes which are putatively responsible for chronic alcohol use disorder (AUD). Aim of the present study was to study P300 auditory odd ball and N400 visual semantic incongruity paradigm mapping executive functions rubric as a potential biomarker predicting chronicity in AUDs. 60 right handed 18 to 54 years age subjects were divided into chronic "CAD" and non chronic alcohol dependence "NAD" in addition to healthy control "HC" (N = 30).

Lower P300 amplitudes for internally-generated events in patients with schizophrenia.

Background: Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate difficulty differentiating internally-generated from externally-generated events. An excessive deployment of attention to external events as well as poor processing of self-generated events has been proposed to explain this misattribution. This study was done to understand the neurophysiological basis of source monitoring bias in schizophrenia.

Effect of Olanzapine on Clinical and Polysomnography Profiles in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Acute and short-term administration of olanzapine has a favorable effect on sleep in schizophrenia patients. This study aimed to clarify the effect of olanzapine on polysomnographic profiles of schizophrenia patients during the acute phase of illness after controlling for previous drug exposure. Twenty-five drug-naïve or drug-free schizophrenia patients were assessed at baseline and after six weeks of olanzapine treatment on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser (UKU) side-effect rating scale and a whole-night polysomnography; fifteen patients completed the study.

Auditory P300 event-related potential: Normative data in the Indian population.

Objective: To generate the normative data of auditory P300 event-related potential for various age groups in the Indian population.

Materials And Methods: Auditory P300 event-related potentials, using the oddball paradigm, of healthy control participants in studies carried out at our institute were included to generate normative data in the age range of 10-50 years. The amplitude and latency of P300 for Fz, Cz, and Pz were selected for analysis.

Sleep architecture and EEG power spectra in recently detoxified alcohol dependent patients.

Objectives: Persistent sleep abnormalities during abstinence are a harbinger for relapse in patients with chronic alcohol dependence. The present study aimed to compare polysomnography (PSG) data between 'recently detoxified' patients with chronic alcohol dependence and healthy controls.

Methods: Both conventional sleep architectural and power spectral analyses were conducted.

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

The negative symptoms have been described in association with schizophrenia since the early days of it being recognized as an entity. However, their elusive nature kept them unacknowledged until there was a revival of interest in them following the development of specific quantifying measures. Over the past three decades, there has been a tremendous surge in research on their types, measurements, status in the present classificatory system, and their implications.

Twelve-month prevalence and treatment gap for common mental disorders: Findings from a large-scale epidemiological survey in India.

Background: Common mental disorders, such as mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, are significant contributors to disability globally, including India. Available research is, however, limited by methodological issues and heterogeneities.

Aim: The present paper focuses on the 12-month prevalence and 12-month treatment for anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in India.

Electroencephalogram alpha-to-theta ratio over left fronto-temporal region correlates with negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Background: Negative symptoms impair outcomes on occupational functioning, social interaction and interpersonal relationships in patients with schizophrenia. Past researchers have reported reduced alpha and increased theta and delta spectral powers on quantitative EEG recordings in those with prominent negative symptoms.

Aim: Present analysis aimed at exploring the relationships between lower-frequency EEG powers and negative symptoms, in schizophrenia, over a period of naturalistic antipsychotic treatment.

Aberrant gamma band cortical sources and functional connectivity in adolescents with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: A preliminary report.

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) resemble epileptic seizures, but lack clinically evident abnormal electrical activity in the brain. We aimed to assess resting gamma spectral power, current source distribution and functional connectivity in adolescents with PNES. Interictal, 32 channels electroencephalographic recording of 15 adolescents with PNES was compared with 10 matched healthy controls.

Sources of mu activity and their functional connectivity in perceiving complexities in reciprocal social interactive motion: An exploratory study using the 'Namaste' task.

Cognitive processes underlying reciprocal social interactions are understood by the mechanism of embodiment, which is closely related to the mirror neuron system. Electroencephalographic (EEG) mu activity is a neural marker of the mirror neuron system. This study investigated the mu activity, localization of its sources and functional connectivity, which was induced while watching reciprocal social interactive motion across various degrees of complexity.

Resting state theta band source distribution and functional connectivity in remitted schizophrenia.

Increased resting theta activity is one consistent observation occurring during all the phases of schizophrenia. However, the resting theta oscillations during the remission phase are yet unclear. We studied resting theta current source density and functional connectivity in remitted schizophrenia and compared with healthy controls.

Safety and Efficacy of Adjunctive Θ Burst Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Right Inferior Parietal Lobule in Schizophrenia Patients With First-Rank Symptoms: A Pilot, Exploratory Study.

Background: First-rank symptoms (FRS) in schizophrenia have been found to be associated with various cognitive and biological markers. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to modulate such factors. We hypothesized that rTMS adjunctive to antipsychotics will be safe and effective in treatment of FRS in schizophrenia.

Comparing mirror neuron system activity between sporadic and familial cases of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a heterogenous disorder, and has often been subtyped on the basis of family history of psychotic disorders. Compared to those without, a positive family history is associated with an earlier age of onset, greater structural brain abnormalities and poorer clinical course. Given recent emphasis on mirror neuron system (MNS) in attempting to explain psychopathology in schizophrenia; present analysis tried to tease out differences in MNS functioning between these two groups.

Cerebral Hemodynamics With rTMS in Alcohol Dependence: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study.

The authors studied cerebral hemodynamics in alcohol dependence and evaluated their changes with application of high-frequency rTMS. A prospective, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, sham-controlled clinical study was conducted with patients with alcohol dependence (DSM-IV-TR). The study population comprised 25 subjects each in active rTMS, sham rTMS, and healthy control groups.

Social anhedonia and gamma band abnormalities as a composite/multivariate endophenotype for schizophrenia: a dense array EEG study.

Aim: Social anhedonia and gamma band oscillations are proposed as a promising endophenotype for schizophrenia (SZ). The aim was to assess whether social anhedonia and spontaneous gamma band oscillations could be used as multivariate/composite endophenotypic measures for SZ.

Methods: Sixty consented subjects, of which 20 remitted SZ patients, 20 unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia (US) and 20 healthy controls (HC) were recruited for the study.

Schneiderian first rank symptoms in schizophrenia: A developmental neuroscience evaluation.

Introduction: Self disorders in schizophrenia have been suggested to have distinct neurobiological underpinnings. Using comprehensive neuro-scientific assessments including a neurophysiological, a neurochemical and a neuropsychological marker, this study assesses disordered-"self" in schizophrenia.

Methods: Twenty schizophrenia patients with first rank symptoms (FRS;FRS+), 20 patients without FRS (FRS-) and 20 healthy controls (HC) were assessed for psychopathology, especially on specially designed FRS score sheets with a narrow and a broad definition.

Cavum septum pellucidum in a case of schizophrenia presenting with self-mutilating behavior.

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) is a neurodevelopmental anomaly, which is commonly reported in schizophrenia patients. Various symptoms of schizophrenia, including thought disturbances have been associated with CSP. We present a rare case of undifferentiated schizophrenia with CSP who presented with self-mutilating behaviors.

Resting State Dense Array Gamma Oscillatory Activity as a Response Marker for Cerebellar-Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Schizophrenia.

Background: As cerebellum and its abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of this alternate site has been suggested as a novel target for treating patients with this disorder. As resting state gamma activity measures functional brain connectivity, it could be used as a specific treatment marker.

Aim: To investigate the effect of cerebellar-rTMS on resting state gamma activity, while studying its efficacy in recent onset schizophrenia patients.