Microbes and pathogens associated with shrimps - implications and review of possible control strategies.

Shrimp aquaculture has been growing rapidly over the last three decades. However, high-density aquaculture together with environmental degradation has led to increased incidence of shrimp infections. Thus, devising and implementing effective strategies to predict, diagnose and control the spread of infections of shrimps are crucial, also to ensure biosecurity and sustainability of the food industry.

Drivers of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria in different settings: A genomic perspective.

The human gut presents a complex ecosystem harboring trillions of microorganisms living in close association with each other and the host body. Any perturbation or imbalance of the normal gut microbiota may prove detrimental to human health. Enteric infections and treatment with antibiotics pose major threats to gut microbiota health.

Genomic insights into virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and adaptation acumen of isolated from an urban environment.

Unlabelled: Populations of common commensal bacteria such as undergo genetic changes by the acquisition of certain virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) encoding genetic elements leading to the emergence of pathogenic strains capable of surviving in the previously uninhabited or protected niches. These bacteria are also reported to be prevalent in the environment where they survive by adopting various recombination strategies to counter microflora of the soil and water, under constant selection pressure(s). In this study, we performed molecular characterization, phenotypic AMR analysis, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of ( = 37) isolated from soil and surface water representing the urban and peri-urban areas.

Unraveling the evolutionary dynamics of toxin-antitoxin systems in diverse genetic lineages of including the high-risk clonal complexes.

Large-scale genomic studies of provide an invaluable opportunity to understand how genomic fine-tuning contributes to the transition of bacterial lifestyle from being commensals to mutualists or pathogens. Within this context, through machine learning-based studies, it appears that TA systems play an important role in the classification of high-risk clonal lineages and could be attributed to their epidemiological success. Due to these profound indications and assumptions, we attempted to provide unique insights into the ordered world of TA systems at the population level by investigating the diversity and evolutionary patterns of TA genes across 19 different STs of .

Analytical expression for the model that describes the heterogeneous reaction-diffusion process with immobilized enzyme (penicillin G acylase).

This research article examines the reaction-diffusion process in an immobilized enzyme batch reactor. The model incorporates strongly non-linear factors that are associated with standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The non-linear reaction-diffusion equations for substrate and product concentrations have been approximated analytically.

Functional molecular characterization and the assessment of the transmission route of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pullorum isolates from free-range and broiler chickens.

Background: Some of the life-threatening, food-borne, and zoonotic infections are transmitted through poultry birds. Inappropriate and irrational use of antimicrobials in the livestock industry has resulted in an increased incidence of multi-drug resistant bacteria of epidemic potentials.

Materials And Methods: The adhesion and invasion properties of 11 free-range and broiler chicken derived Helicobacterpullorum isolates were evaluated.

Vibrio cholerae O1 associated with recent endemic cholera shows temporal changes in serotype, genotype, and drug-resistance patterns in Bangladesh.

Background: Despite the advancement in our understanding of cholera and its etiological agent, Vibrio cholerae, the prevention and treatment of the disease are often hindered due to rapid changes in drug response pattern, serotype, and the major genomic islands namely, the CTX-prophage, and related genetic characteristics. In the present study, V. cholerae (n = 172) associated with endemic cholera in Dhaka during the years 2015-2021 were analyzed for major phenotypic and genetic characteristics, including drug resistance patterns.

Play the plug: How bacteria modify recognition by host receptors?

The diverse microbial community that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract has remarkable effects on the host immune system and physiology resulting in homeostasis or disease. In both scenarios, the gut microbiota interacts with their host through ligand-receptor binding whereby the downstream signaling processes determine the outcome of the interaction as disease or the counteractive immune responses of the host. Despite several studies on microbe-host interactions and the mechanisms by which this intricate process happens, a comprehensive and updated inventory of known ligand-receptor interactions and their roles in disease is paramount.

Genome Informatics and Machine Learning-Based Identification of Antimicrobial Resistance-Encoding Features and Virulence Attributes in Escherichia coli Genomes Representing Globally Prevalent Lineages, Including High-Risk Clonal Complexes.

Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous commensal/pathogenic member from the family, accounts for high infection burden, morbidity, and mortality throughout the world. With emerging multidrug resistance (MDR) on a massive scale, E. coli has been listed as one of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) priority pathogens.

Genome Dynamics and Evolution of Multiple-Drug-Resistant Bacteria: Implications for Global Infection Control Priorities.

Genomics-driven molecular epidemiology of pathogenic bacteria has largely been carried out through functionally neutral/inert sequences, mostly entailing polymorphic gene loci or repetitive tracts. However, it is very important to harness phenotypically relevant markers to assign a valid functional epidemiological context to tracking of pathogens. These should include microbial acumen to acquire multiple drug resistance (MDR), their physiological coordinates with reference to clinical or community-level dynamics of incidence/transmission, and their response or refractoriness to the activated immune system.

Evolutionary Dynamics Based on Comparative Genomics of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Lineages Harboring Polyketide Synthase () Island.

The genotoxin colibactin is a secondary metabolite produced by the polyketide synthase () island harbored by extraintestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) and other members of the that has been increasingly reported to have critical implications in human health. The present study entails a high-throughput whole-genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of such pathogenic isolates to gain insights into the patterns of distribution, horizontal transmission, and evolution of the island. For the current study, 23 -positive ExPEC genomes were newly sequenced, and their virulome and resistome profiles indicated a preponderance of virulence encoding genes and a reduced number of genes for antimicrobial resistance.

Cholesterol glucosylation-based survival strategy in Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori is a major chronic health problem, infecting more than half of the population worldwide. H. pylori infection is linked with various clinical complications ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer.

Whole-Genome Analysis of Clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 in Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, Reveals Two Lineages of Circulating Strains, Indicating Variation in Genomic Attributes.

serogroup O1 is responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera and remains a global public health threat. This organism has been well established as a resident flora of the aquatic environment that alters its phenotypic and genotypic attributes for better adaptation to the environment. To reveal the diversity of clinical isolates of O1 in the Bay of Bengal, we performed whole-genome sequencing of isolates from Kolkata, India, and Dhaka, Bangladesh, collected between 2009 and 2016.

A comparative whole genome analysis of Helicobacter pylori from a human dense South Asian setting.

Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, is associated with a wide range of gastric diseases such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric cancer. The prevalence of H pylori and risk of disease vary in different parts of the world based on the prevailing bacterial lineage. Here, we present a contextual and comparative genomics analysis of 20 clinical isolates of H pylori from patients in Bangladesh.

Design of an inhibitor of Helicobacter pylori cholesteryl-α-glucoside transferase critical for bacterial colonization.

Background: Fifty percent of the world's population surves as a host for Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer causing bacteria, that colonizes the gastric region of digestive tract. It has a remarkable capacity to infect the host stomach for the entire lifetime despite an activated host immune response.

Methods: In this study, we have performed the virtual screening analysis of protein-inhibitor binding between the glycosyl transferase enzymes of Helicobacter pylori (CapJ or HP0421) and a corresponding library of inhibitors in the known substrate-binding pockets.

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing in Drinking Water Samples From a Forcibly Displaced, Densely Populated Community Setting in Bangladesh.

Community-acquired infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing are rising worldwide, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, especially where poor sanitation and inadequate hygienic practices are very common. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characterization of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and ESBL-producing in drinking water samples collected from Rohingya camps, Bangladesh. A total of 384 isolates were analyzed in this study, of which 203 were from household or point-of-use (POU) water samples, and 181 were from source water samples.

Genome Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae Isolates Linked to Seasonal Outbreaks of Cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

The temporal switching of serotypes from serotype Ogawa to Inaba and back to Ogawa was identified in O1, which was responsible for seasonal outbreaks of cholera in Dhaka during the period 2015 to 2018. In order to delineate the factors responsible for this serotype transition, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of O1 multidrug-resistant strains belonging to both the serotypes that were isolated during this interval where the emergence and subsequent reduction of the Inaba serotype occurred. The whole-genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed clonal expansion of the Inaba isolates mainly responsible for the peaks of infection during 2016 to 2017 and that they might have evolved from the prevailing Ogawa strains in 2015 which coclustered with them.

Colistin-resistant carrying in food, water, hand rinse, and healthy human gut in Bangladesh.

Background: One of the most significant public health concerns in today's world is the persistent upsurge of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. As a result, clinicians are being forced to intervene with either less effective backup drugs or ones with substantial side-effects. Colistin is a last resort antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria.

Quantification of Airborne Resistant Organisms With Temporal and Spatial Diversity in Bangladesh: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a widespread, alarming issue in global health and a significant contributor to human death and illness, especially in low and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Despite extensive work conducted in environmental settings, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the presence of resistant organisms in the air.

Objective: The objective of this protocol is to quantify and characterize the airborne resistomes in Bangladesh, which will be a guide to identify high-risk environments for multidrug-resistant pathogens with their spatiotemporal diversity.

Genomic and Functional Characterization of Poultry From India Revealed Diverse Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Lineages With Shared Virulence Profiles.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) form the most important resistance determinants prevalent worldwide. Data on ESBL-producing from poultry and livestock are scarce in India. We present data on the functional and genomic characterization of ESBL-producing obtained from poultry in India.

Prevalence of in Bangladesh: Isolation and Characterization of a Rare Phage MK-13 That Can Robustly Identify Shigellosis Caused by Type 1.

Shigellosis, caused by type 1, is understudied and underreported. For 3 years, GEMS study identified 5.4% of all as .

Occurrence of and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh.

Background: Safe water is essential for life but unsafe for human consumption if it is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. An acceptable quality of water supply (adequate, safe and accessible) must be ensured to all human beings for a healthy life.

Methods: We collected and analyzed a total of 12,650 drinking water samples, for the presence of and faecal coliforms, from a large habitation of the displaced Rohingya population comprising of about 1.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR regulon gene Rv2004c contributes to streptomycin resistance and intracellular survival.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the deadly infectious disease challenging the public health globally and its impact is further aggravated by co-infection with HIV and the emergence of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we attempted to characterise the Rv2004c encoded protein, a member of DosR regulon, for its role in drug resistance. In silico docking analysis revealed that Rv2004c binds with streptomycin (SM).

Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae.

The environmental reservoir of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has been a topic of scientific investigation ever since the discovery of the bacterium itself. While the bacteria can be isolated from both clinical and environmental sources during epidemics, it evades isolation by conventional culture techniques during the period between successive epidemics. The problem is identifying the location and mode of survival and multiplication of V.