Associations between weather extremes and faecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households: a prospective observational study.

Background: Weather extremes are predicted to influence pathogen exposure but their effects on specific faecal-oral transmission pathways are not well investigated. We evaluated associations between extreme rain and temperature during different antecedent periods (0-14 days) and Escherichia coli along eight faecal-oral pathways in rural Bangladeshi households.

Methods: We used data from the WASH Benefits Bangladesh cluster-randomised controlled trial (NCT01590095).

Navigating child product safety: Perspectives from experts on international challenges and priorities in regulation and research.

Objective: To elicit and summarise collective expert opinion on contemporary child product safety risks, challenges and priorities.

Methods: An online survey targeted international experts from a cross-section of product safety fields.

Results: Fifty-five experts participated, representing 1,137 years of product safety experience, from a broad range of fields including industry risk management, product assessment and testing, policy and regulation, research, paediatric medicine, advocacy and product liability.

External causes of emergency department presentations: A missing piece to understanding unintentional childhood injury in Australia.

Objective: To identify external causes of unintentional childhood injury presenting to Australian EDs.

Methods: Six major paediatric hospitals in four Australian states supplied de-identified ED data for 2011-2017 on age, sex, attendance time/date, presenting problem, injury diagnosis, triage category and mode of separation. Three hospitals supplied data on external cause and intent of injury.

Bandaids are not the fix: Examining the patterns of injury-related emergency department presentations in Australian children.

Objective: To provide an epidemiological understanding of the types of injuries treated in ED in Australian children, describe the impact of these injuries in volume and severity, and assess the patterns by demographic and temporal factors.

Methods: ED data from six major paediatric hospitals in four Australian states over the period 2011-2017 were analysed to identify childhood injury patterns by nature of injury and body region, as well as sex, age group and temporal factors.

Results: A total of 486 762 ED presentations for injury in children aged 0-14 years were analysed.

Applying a public health approach to identify priorities for regulating child product safety.

Objective: To identify leading injury risk factors and jurisdictional differences in Australian and US child-related product safety regulatory responses to inform the development of Australian policy and reform priorities.

Methods: The study established and evaluated a knowledge base of child-related product safety regulatory responses (recalls, bans, standards and warnings) made in Australia and the US over the period 2011-17 to identify risk factors and potential regulatory gaps.

Results: The research identified 1,540 Australian and US child-related product safety regulatory responses with the most common response type being product safety recall, and the leading product hazards in responses being choking, fire, fall, strangulation and chemical hazards.

Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review.

Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs).

Hazardous children's products on the Australian and US market 2011-2017: an empirical analysis of child-related product safety recalls.

Objective: While there is evidence that unsafe children's products are entering the Australian market, with increasing product safety recalls, no research has examined the nature of recalls or their trends over time. This research analyses Australian and US child-related product safety recall data to better understand the frequency and nature of unsafe children's products, emerging hazard trends and cross-jurisdictional similarities and differences. Results can inform improved childhood injury prevention policy and regulation strategies in Australia.

Electropermeabilization of nematode eggs for parasite deactivation.

The eggs of parasitic helminth worms are incredibly resilient - possessing the ability to survive changing environmental factors and exposure to chemical treatments - which has restricted the efficacy of wastewater sanitation. This research reports on the effectiveness of electroporation to permeabilize ova of , a helminth surrogate, for parasite deactivation. This technique utilizes electric pulses to increase cell membrane permeability in its conventional application, but herein is used to open pores in nonparasitic nematode eggshells - the first report of such an application to the best knowledge of the authors.

Targeted Ovarian Cancer Education for Hispanic Women: A Pilot Program in Arizona.

In disadvantaged populations, including Hispanics, there is a deficit in understanding of cancer risk factors, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. The objective of this study was to assess ovarian cancer knowledge in a population of Hispanic women in Arizona, identify deficiencies, and to evaluate the utility of an educational program developed specifically for this community's needs. A de novo questionnaire about ovarian cancer was distributed to Hispanic women enrolled in family literacy programs at Mesa Public Schools.

Functional interactions of voltage sensor charges with an S2 hydrophobic plug in hERG channels.

Human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG, Kv11.1) potassium channels have unusually slow activation and deactivation kinetics. It has been suggested that, in fast-activating Shaker channels, a highly conserved Phe residue (F290) in the S2 segment forms a putative gating charge transfer center that interacts with S4 gating charges, i.

Measuring the quality and quantity of professional intrapartum support: testing a computerised systematic observation tool in the clinical setting.

Background: Continuous support in labour has a significant impact on a range of clinical outcomes, though whether the quality and quantity of support behaviours affects the strength of this impact has not yet been established. To identify the quality and quantity of support, a reliable means of measurement is needed. To this end, a new computerised systematic observation tool, the 'SMILI' (Supportive Midwifery in Labour Instrument) was developed.

Patients' and partners' health-related quality of life before and 4 months after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Background: Patients having coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) often depend on their partners for assistance before and after surgery. Whilst patients' physical and mental health usually improves after surgery little is known about the partners' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in CABG. If the partners' physical and emotional health is poor this can influence their caregiving role and ability to support the patient.

Risk assessment and decision making about in-labour transfer from rural maternity care: a social judgment and signal detection analysis.

Background: The importance of respecting women's wishes to give birth close to their local community is supported by policy in many developed countries. However, persistent concerns about the quality and safety of maternity care in rural communities have been expressed. Safe childbirth in rural communities depends on good risk assessment and decision making as to whether and when the transfer of a woman in labour to an obstetric led unit is required.

Coronary heart disease risk factors: concordance between patients and partners before and after bypass grafting surgery.

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor reduction is required to maximize the benefits to be gained from coronary artery bypass grafting. Risk factor reduction after surgery, however, is often incomplete and adherence rates are poor. The health behaviors of the cardiac partner can be supportive or can act to undermine the patient's motivation for change in risk factors.

Molecular determinants of U-type inactivation in Kv2.1 channels.

Kv2.1 channels exhibit a U-shaped voltage-dependence of inactivation that is thought to represent preferential inactivation from preopen closed states. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying so-called U-type inactivation are unknown.

The development of research tools used in the STORK Study (the Scottish Trial of Refer or Keep) to explore midwives' intrapartum decision making.

Objectives: to develop appropriate tools to assess midwives' attitudes and behaviour in relation to decision making involving risk.

Design: a questionnaire and series of vignettes were developed and testes to explore midwives' intrapartum decision making in relation to their attitudes towards risk. An innovative online computer package was developed specifically for use in the STORK Study which enabled the programme to be very tightly controlled with limited functions accessible to participants.

Infant feeding in the neonatal unit.

Infants admitted to a neonatal unit (NNU) are frequently unable to feed by breast or bottle because of ill health or prematurity. These infants require nutritional support until they can start oral feeding. Breastfeeding is advocated for these infants, and mothers are frequently encouraged to express breast milk to be fed via the enteral tube.

The purple line as a measure of labour progress: a longitudinal study.

Background: Vaginal examination (VE) and assessment of the cervix is currently considered to be the gold standard for assessment of labour progress. It is however inherently imprecise with studies indicating an overall accuracy for determining the diameter of the cervix at between 48-56%. Furthermore, VEs can be unpleasant, intrusive and embarrassing for women, and are associated with the risk of introducing infection.

The Scottish Trial of Refer or Keep (the STORK study): midwives' intrapartum decision making.

Objectives: to explore midwives' intrapartum referral decisions in relation to their dispositional attitude towards risk.

Design: a web-based correlation study examined the association between midwife's personality (personal risk tendency), place of work (location), years of experience and the timing of their decisions to make referrals (referral score) in a series of fictitious case scenarios (vignettes).

Participants: 102 midwives providing labour care in both consultant-led units (CLU) and community maternity units (CMU) from four Scottish health board areas.

Effects of algorithm for diagnosis of active labour: cluster randomised trial.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of an algorithm for diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women with standard care in terms of maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Design: Cluster randomised trial.

Setting: Maternity units in Scotland with at least 800 annual births.

Memory for pain? A comparison of nonexperiential estimates and patients' reports of the quality and intensity of postoperative pain.

Unlabelled: Prior research has questioned the extent to which postoperative retrospective ratings of acute pain actually reflect memory of that pain. To investigate this issue, pain ratings provided by patients who had undergone vascular surgery were compared with estimates of this pain provided by 2 groups of healthy, nonpatient participants with no personal experience of the surgery. Patient participants rated postoperative pain while actually experiencing it and again 4 to 6 weeks after surgery.

Nursing's ways of knowing and dual process theories of cognition.

Aim: This paper is a comparison of nursing's patterns of knowing with the systems identified by cognitive science, and evaluates claims about the equal-status relation between scientific and non-scientific knowledge.

Background: Ever since Carper's seminal paper in 1978, it has been taken for granted in the nursing literature that there are ways of knowing, or patterns of knowing, that are not scientific. This idea has recently been used to argue that the concept of evidence, typically associated with evidence-based practice, is inappropriately restricted because it is identified exclusively with scientific research.

The development and testing of an algorithm for diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women.

Objectives: to describe the development and testing of an algorithm for diagnosis of active labour in primiparous women.

Design: qualitative and quantitative methods were used. A literature review was first conducted to identify the key cues for inclusion in the algorithm.

Exploring the phenomenology of memory for pain: is previously experienced acute pain consciously remembered or simply known?

Unlabelled: Whether or not acute pain is recalled by consciously remembering it or by simply knowing about that past pain as an autobiographical fact, and the degree to which it can be accurately anticipated ("precalled") was investigated using the remember/know paradigm. Cold Pressor (CP) pain was induced in 97 healthy participants who precalled CP pain and then reported their actual experiences of CP pain, using the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Two weeks later, participants recalled the CP pain and indicated whether each retrospectively selected MPQ descriptor reflected their "remembering" or "knowing" about the pain.