Stannous fluoride protects gingival keratinocytes against infection and oxidative stress by outer membrane vesicles.

Objective: To determine whether outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of the periodontal pathogen () can infect gingival keratinocytes and stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and to assess whether stannous fluoride (SnF), stannous chloride (SnCl) or 0.454% SnF toothpaste diluents can inhibit OMV infection.

Methods: OMVs were isolated from culture and their morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects in gingival crevicular fluid from re-dosing during brushing.

The IntelliClean System from Sonicare and Crest combines a rechargeable sonic power toothbrush and a novel liquid toothpaste into one integrated system, providing the opportunity to re-dose with toothpaste during the brushing cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate cleaning effects from in-mouth re-dosing with toothpaste during the brushing cycle vs conventional bolus dosing. This was a randomized, examiner-blind, six-period, crossover clinical study.