Army Health Systems Doctrine and Training in Relation to Antibiotics: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: In the early 2000s when Tactical Combat Casualty Care was developed, the adoption of prophylactic antibiotic use was not mainstream. Back then, guidelines were derivative of civilian trauma guidelines which did not include widespread prophylactic antibiotic use. Current protocols across the DoD have embraced the use of prophylactic antibiotic use before reaching a military treatment facility as evidenced by Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines and several Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guidelines.

Skeletal age determination of the hand: a comparison of methods.

Until final completion of maturation processes at the age of approximately 18 years, determination of the skeletal age of the hand plays a central role in forensic age diagnostics in living persons in criminal proceedings. In this process, assessment of hand radiographs relies primarily on the stage of development of the epiphyseal nuclei, the increase in size of the individual bones and of the hand skeleton as a whole, changes in the shape of the various skeletal elements and ossification of the epiphyseal plates. To achieve this, there are a variety of methodological approaches based on two different fundamental principles.

Identification of a novel human Acyl-CoA binding protein isoform with a unique C-terminal domain.

Seven isoforms of the multifunctional human Acyl-coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) have been characterized so far. Through ab initio analysis of expressed sequence tag (ESTs), we identified a novel high-abundant ACBP splice variant ACBP1e encoding an ACBP isoform with a unique C-terminus of 81 amino acid residues. Bioinformatic analysis shows that this domain is evolutionary conserved and shares no significant homology with other known proteins, and its function is not known.

Differential expression of alternative Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) transcripts in an inducible human preadipocyte cell line.

Understanding the function of fat metabolism during differentiation of human preadipocytes to fully developed fat tissue has been the aim of various studies in the past decades. Due to the lack of suitable human cell culture lines, experimental research predominantly focused on rodent models and nonhuman cell culture systems. Here, we demonstrate that a human preadipocyte cell line SGBS is well suited to examine differential expression of the Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) during adipogenesis.

ACBP knockdown leads to down-regulation of genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

The human Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is a structural and functional highly conserved protein. As an intracellular pool former and carrier of acyl-CoAs, ACBP influences overall lipid metabolism. Its nuclear abundance and physical interaction with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha suggested a gene regulatory function of ACBP.

Specific regulation of low-abundance transcript variants encoding human Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) isoforms.

Despite intensive efforts on annotation of eukaryotic transcriptoms, little is known about the regulation of low-abundance transcripts. To address this question, we analysed the regulation of novel low-abundance transcript variants of human acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP), an important multifunctional housekeeping protein, which we have identified by screening of human expressed sequence tags in combination with ab initio gene prediction. By using RT-, real-time RT- and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR in five human tissues, we find these transcripts, which are generated by a consequent use of alternative promoters and alternate first or first two exons, to be authentic ones.

Transcriptom-based identification of a putative role for the human Acyl-CoA-Binding-Protein (ACBP) in vesicular trafficking.

In the present study we performed a transcriptom-based analysis of human Acyl-CoA-Binding-Protein (ACBP) target genes. By applying Genomatix BiblioSphere expert level based co-citation filter 4 (GFG level 4) ras homolog gene family member B (RhoB) and its interacting rhophilin-2 (Rhpn2) were refined from 64 ACBP sensitive genes. TaqMan-based qRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy of the array-derived expression data.

The digital atlas of skeletal maturity by Gilsanz and Ratib: a suitable alternative for age estimation of living individuals in criminal proceedings?

As a collection of radiographic standards of the normal hand development with a homogenous degree of maturity of all skeletal elements, the digital atlas of skeletal maturity by Gilsanz and Ratib combines the possibilities of digital imaging with the principle of a conventional atlas method. The present paper analyses the forensic applicability of skeletal age assessment according to Gilsanz and Ratib to age estimation in criminal proceedings. For this, the hand X-rays of 180 children and adolescents aged 10-18 years old were examined retrospectively.

Transcriptional regulation of HMG-CoA synthase and HMG-CoA reductase genes by human ACBP.

The acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is an ubiquitary expressed multi-functional protein which regulates basic cellular functions such as fatty acid and steroid metabolism. Since ACBP is described to interact with the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4alpha), we investigated the role of human ACBP on transcriptional regulation of the putative HNF-4alpha target gene HMG-CoA synthase 1 (HMGCS1). As shown by promoter-reporter assays ACBP represses the HNF-4alpha-induced activity of a 617bp HMGCS1 promoter fragment by approximately 80% in HepG2 cells as well as in non-endodermal HeLa cells devoid of HNF-4alpha.

MTTP variants and body mass index, waist circumference and serum cholesterol level: Association analyses in 7582 participants of the KORA study cohort.

The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) is a key regulator in the assembly and secretion of chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the intestine and in liver. Associations between MTTP variants and traits of the metabolic syndrome are carried out in relatively small cohorts and are not consistent. We analysed MTTP polymorphisms in 7582 participants of the KORA study cohort.

Analysis of the transcriptional regulation of the FABP2 promoter haplotypes by PPARgamma/RXRalpha and Oct-1.

Variants of the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2 gene (FABP2) are associated with traits of the metabolic syndrome. Relevant FABP2 promoter polymorphisms c.-80_-79insT, c.

Applicability of the skeletal age determination method of Tanner and Whitehouse for forensic age diagnostics.

The present paper analyses the applicability of the clinically prevalent skeletal age determination method of Tanner and Whitehouse for forensic age estimation in living individuals. For this purpose, the hand X-rays from 48 boys and 44 girls aged 12-16 years were evaluated retrospectively. The minima and maxima, the mean values with their standard deviations as well as the medians with upper and lower quartiles, are presented for the skeletal ages 12-16 years estimated by the TW2 and TW3 methods.

Transcriptional regulation of the fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene by the hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1alpha).

The human fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) is involved in intestinal absorption and intracellular trafficking of long-chain fatty acids. Here we investigate transcriptional regulation of FABP2 by the endodermal hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1alpha). In electromobility shift and supershift assays we show the presence of two adjacent HNF-1alpha binding sites within the FABP2 promoter regions -185 to -165 and -169 to -149.

PYK10, a beta-glucosidase located in the endoplasmatic reticulum, is crucial for the beneficial interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica.

Piriformospora indica, an endophyte of the Sebacinaceae family, promotes growth and seed production of many plant species, including Arabidopsis. Growth of a T-DNA insertion line in PYK10 is not promoted and the plants do not produce more seeds in the presence of P. indica, although their roots are more colonized by the fungus than wild-type roots.

Type 2 diabetes-associated fatty acid binding protein 2 promoter haplotypes are differentially regulated by GATA factors.

The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) mediates fat absorption by binding and intracellular trafficking of long-chain free fatty acids. Studies with knockout mice and association analysis of polymorphisms revealed that FABP2 is a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes (noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]) and related traits. Relevant FABP2 promoter polymorphisms c.

Functional analysis of promoter variants in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) gene.

The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) is required for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins from the intestine and liver. According to this function, polymorphic sites in the MTTP gene showed associations to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and related traits of the metabolic syndrome. Here we studied the functional impact of common MTTP promoter polymorphisms rs1800804:T>C (-164T>C), rs1800803:A>T (-400A>T), and rs1800591:G>T (-493G>T) using gene-reporter assays in intestinal Caco-2 and liver Huh-7 cells.

Association analyses of GIP and GIPR polymorphisms with traits of the metabolic syndrome.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) stimulates insulin release via interaction with its pancreatic receptor (GIP receptor (GIPR)). GIP also acts as vasoactive protein. To investigate whether variations in GIP and GIPR genes are associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome we sequenced gene regions and identified two coding SNPs (GIP Ser103Gly, GIPR Glu354Gln) and one splice site SNP (GIP rs2291726) in 47 subjects.

Association of prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in two German study populations.

Context: On the basis of its chromosomal localization and its role in the synthesis of the antilipolytic compound prostaglandin E(2), the prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) is a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genetic variants in the PTGES2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes.

Results: Sequencing of the PTGES2 gene revealed one nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Arg298His, rs13283456) and a previously unknown promoter SNP g.

The human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (hFABP2) gene is regulated by HNF-4alpha.

The cytosolic human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (hFABP2) is proposed to be involved in intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of hFABP2 by the endodermal hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha), involved in regulation of genes of fatty acid metabolism and differentiation. Electromobility shift assays demonstrated that HNF-4alpha binds at position -324 to -336 within the hFABP2 promoter.

Candidate gene association study of type 2 diabetes in a nested case-control study of the EPIC-Potsdam cohort - role of fat assimilation.

To search for common variants etiological for type 2 diabetes, we screened 15 genes involved in fat assimilation for sequence variants. Approximately 55 kb in promoter and coding regions, and intron/splice sites were sequenced by cycle sequencing. In the set of 15 genes, 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected.

Association of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in two German study populations.

The human acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) is a potential candidate gene of type 2 diabetes (T2D), since it plays a central role in determining the intracellular concentration of activated fatty acids which contribute to insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ACBP gene are associated with risk of T2D. Genotyping of eight SNPs (rs2084202, rs3731607, rs8192501, rs8192504, rs2244135, rs2276596, rs8192506, rs2289948) was performed in 192 incident T2D subjects and 384 matched controls of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam cohort.

Analysis of PGC-1alpha variants Gly482Ser and Thr612Met concerning their PPARgamma2-coactivation function.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) is a cofactor involved in adaptive thermogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. Dysfunctions of this protein are likely to contribute to the development of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. This is in part but not definitely confirmed by results of population studies.

Expression analysis of genes involved in fat assimilation in human monocytes.

The metabolic syndrome X is characterized by a group of risk factors such as obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. To study the functional alterations resulting from genetic variations, ex vivo studies are one option to be carried out. Since it is not an easy procedure to obtain cells from the related tissues ex vivo, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether monocytes can serve as model cells.

The L513S polymorphism in medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2 (MACS2) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in a Caucasian study population.

Enzymes of the medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (MACS) family catalyze the ligation of medium chain fatty acids with CoA to produce medium-chain-acyl-CoA. At least four members of the MACS gene family are clustered on human chromosome 16p12. Association studies in the Japanese Suita cohort of MACS polymorphisms and various phenotypes revealed the contribution of the Leu513Ser polymorphism in MACS2 to multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

Small reciprocal insertion detected by spectral karyotyping (SKY) and delimited by array-CGH analysis.

A 5.4-year-old male propositus is reported with mild dysmorphic features including hypoplasia of the radial part of both hands affecting thenar, thumb and fingers 2-3, incomplete syndactyly of fingers 3-4, single palmar creases, brachymesophalangia of toes 3-5, dissociated retardation of bone age, telecanthus, spina bifida occulta, cryptorchidism, muscular hypotonia, and borderline mental retardation. His karyotype was unbalanced, 46,XY,der(16)ins(4;16)(q26q28.