Various biases in systematic review and meta-analysis and their assessment.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses synthesise existing evidence for clinical and scientific decision-making. Clinicians and researchers need to understand how to interpret the evidence with the bias involved, as well as the various available tools and how to use them when performing a systematic review. The validity of systematic reviews and meta-analyses depends on comprehensive assessment and mitigation of biases.

Isolated hexadactylia: A rare case of central polydactyly of the foot.

Background: Central polydactyly of foot is uncommon form of polydactyly but it usually causes intermetatarsal widening because of metatarsal bifurcation. Central polydactyly associated with T shaped bifurcation of metatarsal in vertical plane has not been reported yet.

Case: We present a 4 year male child with extra toe on the dorsal aspect of right foot with complains of difficulty in wearing footwear and poor cosmesis.

Primary Tuberculotic Osteomyelitis of Rib in a Child.

Although extremely rare, osteomyelitis has been reported in smaller bones like ribs. A 13-year-old male child presented with a one week history of chest wall swelling. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the lesion and initial bacterial culture could not find the aetiology of the lesion.

Traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra in boys with special reference to recurrent strictures.

Purpose: We report 18 years' experience of traumatic urethral strictures in boys with emphasis on recurrent strictures.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-four boys with pelvic fracture urethral strictures underwent 35 repairs: 23 in the primary group (initial suprapubic cystostomy, but no urethral repair) and 12 in the re-do group (previously failed attempt(s) at urethroplasty elsewhere). The median age at operation and stricture length was 8.