Pathology of fatal diffuse brain injury in severe non-penetrating head trauma.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognised as a serious global public health problem that imposes a heavy socioeconomic burden on society. The vast majority of cases result from road traffic accidents and falls, and the injuries are mainly attributed to velocity-related mechanisms. Lethal cases are mostly found to suffer from severe diffuse brain injuries (DBI), comprising diffuse vascular injury, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), generalized cerebral edema and ischemic-hypoxic injury.

Recombination hotspots in an extended human pseudoautosomal domain predicted from double-strand break maps and characterized by sperm-based crossover analysis.

The human X and Y chromosomes are heteromorphic but share a region of homology at the tips of their short arms, pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1), that supports obligate crossover in male meiosis. Although the boundary between pseudoautosomal and sex-specific DNA has traditionally been regarded as conserved among primates, it was recently discovered that the boundary position varies among human males, due to a translocation of ~110 kb from the X to the Y chromosome that creates an extended PAR1 (ePAR). This event has occurred at least twice in human evolution.