Effects of concomitant combination of SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 receptor agonist on renal outcomes in T2D with eGFR below 30 and macroalbuminuria: A case series.

Renal protection is likely to be a class effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1RA. When used simultaneously, there may be a synergistic effect. Both agents are also safe to use in high renal risk patients (eGFR between 21 and 30 mL/min/1.

Pembrolizumab-Associated Hypoparathyroidism: A Single Case Report.

Objective: To evaluate a case of pembrolizumab-induced hypoparathyroidism leading to hypocalcemia.

Methods: The diagnostic tests performed included calcium and parathyroid hormone level detection and calcium-sensing receptor gene analysis.

Results: A 71-year-old Caucasian man was diagnosed with stage IIIB adenocarcinoma of the lung and received radiation therapy but had no other exposure to radiation.

Liraglutide treatment in overweight and obese patients with type 1 diabetes: A 26-week randomized controlled trial; mechanisms of weight loss.

Aim: To investigate the effects of liraglutide treatment on glycaemic control and adipose tissue metabolism in overweight and obese people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).

Research Design And Methods: A total of 84 adult overweight and obese patients with T1DM, with no detectable C-peptide, were randomized (1:1) to either placebo or 1.8 mg/d liraglutide for 6 months.

Testosterone Increases the Expression and Phosphorylation of AMP Kinase α in Men With Hypogonadism and Type 2 Diabetes.

Context: Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα) is a mediator of exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

Objective: We evaluated whether AMPKα expression and phosphorylation are reduced in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), and whether testosterone replacement therapy results in restoration of the expression and phosphorylation of AMPKα.

Design: This is a secondary analysis of a previously completed trial that showed an insulin-sensitizing effect of testosterone therapy in men with type 2 diabetes and HH.

Effect of Testosterone on FGF2, MRF4, and Myostatin in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Relevance to Muscle Growth.

Context: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 is an important stimulatory modulator of satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Satellite cells play a cardinal role in muscle growth and repair.

Objective: We evaluated whether skeletal muscle expression of FGF2 and muscle growth and differentiation factors are reduced in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and whether testosterone replacement therapy results in their restoration.

Addition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy to insulin in C-peptide-positive patients with type 1 diabetes.

We aimed to test the hypothesis that addition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) to insulin in C-peptide-positive patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) will result in a reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with reduced insulin requirements and a rise in C-peptide concentrations. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 11 normal-weight patients with T1D consecutively treated with a GLP-1RA in addition to insulin. Paired t tests were used to compare the changes in HbA1c, insulin doses, body weight, body mass index, and C-peptide concentrations prior to and 12 ± 1 weeks after GLP-1RA therapy.

Exenatide Increases IL-1RA Concentration and Induces Nrf-2‒Keap-1‒Regulated Antioxidant Enzymes: Relevance to β-Cell Function.

Purpose: We previously demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of exenatide. We now hypothesized that exenatide also increases the plasma concentration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), an endogenous anti-inflammatory protein, and modulates the nuclear factor erythroid 2‒related factor‒Kelchlike ECH-associated protein 1‒antioxidant response element (Nrf-2‒Keap-1‒ARE) system to induce key antioxidant enzymes to suppress inflammatory and oxidative stress.

Methods: Twenty-four patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes receiving combined oral and insulin therapy were randomly assigned to receive either exenatide 10 μg or placebo twice a day for 12 weeks.

Diminished androgen and estrogen receptors and aromatase levels in hypogonadal diabetic men: reversal with testosterone.

Aims: One-third of males with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have hypogonadism, characterized by low total and free testosterone concentrations. We hypothesized that this condition is associated with a compensatory increase in the expression of androgen receptors (AR) and that testosterone replacement reverses these changes. We also measured estrogen receptor and aromatase expression.

Ezetimibe and simvastatin combination inhibits and reverses the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic effects of cream in obese patients.

Background And Aims: Inflammation and postprandial lipemia are associated with increased cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether ezetimibe and simvastatin combination, a lipid lowering combination of simvastatin and ezetimibe, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in the fasting state and after dairy cream intake.

Methods: Twenty obese patients were randomized to either ezetimibe and simvastatin combination or placebo treatment for 6 weeks.

Liraglutide acutely suppresses glucagon, lipolysis and ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes.

In view of the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the use of sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the relative absence of this complication in patients treated with liraglutide in spite of reductions in insulin doses, we investigated the effect of liraglutide on ketogenesis. Twenty-six patients with inadequately controlled T1DM were randomly divided into 2 groups of 13 patients each. After an overnight fast, patients were injected, subcutaneously, with either liraglutide 1.

Antiinflammatory and ROS Suppressive Effects of the Addition of Fiber to a High-Fat High-Calorie Meal.

Background: Fiber intake is associated with a reduction in the occurrence of cardiovascular events and diabetes.

Objective: To investigate whether the addition of fiber to a high-fat, high-calorie (HFHC) meal prevents proinflammatory changes induced by the HFHC meal.

Design: Ten normal fasting subjects consumed an HFHC meal with or without an additional 30 g of insoluble dietary fiber on 2 separate visits.

Dapagliflozin as Additional Treatment to Liraglutide and Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: It is imperative that novel approaches to treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are devised.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate whether addition of dapagliflozin to insulin and liraglutide results in a significant reduction in glycemia and body weight.

Design: This was a randomized clinical trial.

Addition of Liraglutide to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of 12 Weeks.

Objective: To investigate whether addition of three different doses of liraglutide to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) results in significant reduction in glycemia, body weight, and insulin dose.

Research Design And Methods: We randomized 72 patients (placebo = 18, liraglutide = 54) with T1D to receive placebo and 0.6, 1.

Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Their Reduction After Testosterone Replacement in Men With Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: One-third of men with type 2 diabetes have hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement on insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes and HH.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 94 men with type 2 diabetes were recruited into the study; 50 men were eugonadal, while 44 men had HH.

Suppressive effect of insulin on the gene expression and plasma concentrations of mediators of asthmatic inflammation.

Background And Hypothesis: Following our recent demonstration that the chronic inflammatory and insulin resistant state of obesity is associated with an increase in the expression of mediators known to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and that weight loss after gastric bypass surgery results in the reduction of these genes, we have now hypothesized that insulin suppresses the cellular expression and plasma concentrations of these mediators.

Methods: The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, and TSLP in MNC and plasma concentrations of LIGHT, TGF-β1, MMP-9, MCP-1, TSLP, and NOM in obese patients with T2DM were measured before, during, and after the infusion of a low dose (2 U/h) infusion of insulin for 4 hours. The patients were also infused with dextrose or saline for 4 hours on two separate visits and served as controls.

Liraglutide as additional treatment to insulin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: Because approximately 40% of patients with type 1 diabetes have the metabolic syndrome, we tested the hypothesis that addition of liraglutide to insulin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes will result in an improvement in plasma glucose concentrations, a reduction in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), a fall in systolic blood pressure, and weight loss.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 27 obese patients with type 1 diabetes treated with liraglutide in addition to insulin. Patients were also treated for hypertension.