Environmental Oxygen Exposure Allows for the Evolution of Interdigital Cell Death in Limb Patterning.

Amphibians form fingers without webbing by differential growth between digital and interdigital regions. Amniotes, however, employ interdigital cell death (ICD), an additional mechanism that contributes to a greater variation of limb shapes. Here, we investigate the role of environmental oxygen in the evolution of ICD in tetrapods.

Evolution of the avian digital pattern.

Variation in digit number has occurred multiple times in the history of archosaur evolution. The five digits of dinosaur limbs were reduced to three in bird forelimbs, and were further reduced in the vestigial forelimbs of the emu. Regulation of digit number has been investigated previously by examining genes involved in anterior-posterior patterning in forelimb buds among emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), chicken (Gallus gallus) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata).

Cux2 refines the forelimb field by controlling expression of and genes.

In vertebrates, two pairs of buds that give rise to the fore- and hindlimbs form at discrete positions along the rostral-caudal axis of the body. The mechanism responsible for the positioning of the limb buds is still largely unknown. Here we show a novel function for Cut homeobox transcription factor 2 (Cux2), the ortholog of cut, in refining the forelimb field during chick development.

The effects of different inspired oxygen fractions on gas exchange and Tei-index of myocardial performance in propofol-anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of different inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) on pulmonary oxygen exchange and Tei-index of myocardial performance in propofol-anesthetized dogs.

Study Design: Prospective crossover, randomized, experimental trial.

Animals: Eight adult dogs weighing 8.

Hemodynamic effects of butorphanol in desflurane-anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of butorphanol on cardiopulmonary parameters in dogs anesthetized with desflurane and breathing spontaneously.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized experimental trial.

Animals: Twenty dogs weighing 12 ± 3 kg.

Partial external mitral annuloplasty in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration and congestive heart failure: outcome in 9 cases.

Objective: To report the outcome of partial external mitral annuloplasty in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to mitral regurgitation caused by myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD).

Animals, Materials And Methods: Nine client-owned dogs with CHF due to mitral regurgitation caused by MMVD. Surgery consisted of a double row of pledget-butressed continuous suture lines placed into the left ventricle parallel and just ventral to the atrioventricular groove between the subsinuosal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery and the paraconal branch of the left coronary artery.

Comparison between two methods for cardiac output measurement in propofol-anesthetized dogs: thermodilution and Doppler.

Objective: To compare cardiac output (CO) measured by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution techniques in spontaneously breathing dogs during continuous infusion of propofol. To do so, CO was obtained using the thermodilution method (CO(TD)) and Doppler evaluation of pulmonary flow (CO(DP)) and aortic flow (CO(DA)).

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Effects of nitrous oxide on IOP and pupillary diameter in dogs anesthetized with varying concentrations of desflurane.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nitrous oxide on IOP and pupillary diameter (PD) of dogs anesthetized with varying desflurane concentrations.

Animals Studied: Twenty adult Mongrel dogs were used.

Methods: They were anesthetized with propofol (10 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with varying concentrations of desflurane (1.

Bispectral index in dogs at three intravenous infusion rates of propofol.

Objective: To establish the correlation between the bispectral index (BIS) and different rates of infusion of propofol in dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial.

Animals: Eight adult dogs weighing 6-20 kg.

Evaluation of a double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate cement in eviscerated rabbit eyes.

Purpose: To evaluate the macroscopy, microstructure, and tissue reaction of a double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate bone cement used as an intraocular implant in rabbits.

Methods: The internal and external surface of the double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate implant was analyzed macroscopically and by scanning electron microscopy. Twelve New Zealand rabbits received 12-mm implants made of double-setting alpha-tricalcium phosphate cement after unilateral evisceration.

Beer brewing using a fusant between a sake yeast and a brewer's yeast.

Beer brewing using a fusant between a sake yeast (a lysine auxotrophic mutant of sake yeast K-14) and a brewer's yeast (a respiratory-deficient mutant of the top fermentation yeast NCYC1333) was performed to take advantage of the beneficial characteristics of sake yeasts, i.e., the high productivity of esters, high tolerance to ethanol, and high osmotolerance.

Cardiopulmonary and acid-base effects of desflurane and sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing cats.

The cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia were compared in cats breathing spontaneously. Heart (HR) and respiratory (RR) rates; systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean arterial (MAP) pressures; partial pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), arterial blood pH (pH), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2); base deficit (BD), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3) were measured. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (8+/-2.

Transport of pyruvate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cloning of the gene encoded pyruvate permease.

Pyruvate uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not observed at 0 degrees C and was prevented by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The initial uptake rate of S. cerevisiae kyokai No.