The thermal effect of lasers in urology: a review article.

Lasers as a technology have a leading role in the modern urological treatment armamentarium. In this article, the application of lasers in different areas of urology is described. The major uses are in urolithiasis, benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), and management of many urological malignancies and other benign pathologies.

Undiagnosed bilateral complete cervical rib with subclavian artery aneurysm presenting as acute ischaemic limb following high-altitude expedition.

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome is relatively rare and often exclusively seen in the presence of bony anomalies. High-altitude (HA) travel is commonly associated with thrombosis; however, arterial thromboembolism is less frequently described. We describe a case of a young man with undiagnosed bilateral cervical rib, who went for an HA trek, subsequent to which developed acute limb ischaemia of right arm.

Use of N-acetyl cysteine to retrieve entrapped Malecot catheter in liver: an old agent for a novel application.

Percutaneous catheter drainage is one way of treating large liver abscesses that are partially liquefied or have thick pus. Apart from discomfort, severe pain, inflammation or frank cellulitis at the insertion site, and sometimes catheter dislodgement, failure to retrieve a catheter is unusual. This may occur either due to fibrous tissue securing the catheter or when inspissated secretions prevent the catheter tip from straightening.