Trunk-to-leg volume and appendicular lean mass from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner for disease risk identification.

Background & Aims: Body shape expressed as the trunk-to-leg volume ratio is associated with diabetes and mortality due to the associations between higher adiposity and lower lean mass with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) risk. Reduced appendicular muscle mass is associated with malnutrition risk and age-related frailty, and is a risk factor for poor treatment outcomes related to MetS and other clinical conditions (e.g.

Evaluation of body shape as a human body composition assessment in isolated conditions and remote environments.

Individuals in isolated and extreme environments can experience debilitating side-effects including significant decreases in fat-free mass (FFM) from disuse and inadequate nutrition. The objective of this study was to determine the strengths and weaknesses of three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging for monitoring body composition in either simulated or actual remote environments. Thirty healthy adults (ASTRO, male = 15) and twenty-two Antarctic Expeditioners (ABCS, male = 18) were assessed for body composition.

3D Convolutional Deep Learning for Nonlinear Estimation of Body Composition from Whole-Body Morphology.

Total and regional body composition are strongly correlated with metabolic syndrome and have been estimated non-invasively from 3D optical scans using linear parameterizations of body shape and linear regression models. Prior works produced accurate and precise predictions on many, but not all, body composition targets relative to the reference dual X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement. Here, we report the effects of replacing linear models with nonlinear parameterization and regression models on the precision and accuracy of body composition estimation in a novel application of deep 3D convolutional graph networks to human body composition modeling.

Generative deep learning furthers the understanding of local distributions of fat and muscle on body shape and health using 3D surface scans.

Background: Body shape, an intuitive health indicator, is deterministically driven by body composition. We developed and validated a deep learning model that generates accurate dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from three-dimensional optical body scans (3DO), enabling compositional analysis of the whole body and specified subregions. Previous works on generative medical imaging models lack quantitative validation and only report quality metrics.

Cross-sectional assessment of body composition and detection of malnutrition risk in participants with low body mass index and eating disorders using 3D optical surface scans.

Background: New recommendations for the assessment of malnutrition and sarcopenia include body composition, specifically reduced muscle mass. Three-dimensional optical imaging (3DO) is a validated, accessible, and affordable alternative to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Objective: Identify strengths and weaknesses of 3DO for identification of malnutrition in participants with low body mass index (BMI) and eating disorders.

Automated body composition estimation from device-agnostic 3D optical scans in pediatric populations.

Background: Excess adiposity in children is strongly correlated with obesity-related metabolic disease in adulthood, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and 13 types of cancer. Despite the many long-term health risks of childhood obesity, body mass index (BMI) Z-score is typically the only adiposity marker used in pediatric studies and clinical applications. The effects of regional adiposity are not captured in a single scalar measurement, and their effects on short- and long-term metabolic health are largely unknown.

Accuracy and Precision of 3-dimensional Optical Imaging for Body Composition by Age, BMI, and Ethnicity.

Background: The obesity epidemic brought a need for accessible methods to monitor body composition, as excess adiposity has been associated with cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and some cancers. Recent 3-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging advancements have provided opportunities for assessing body composition. However, the accuracy and precision of an overall 3DO body composition model in specific subgroups are unknown.

Monitoring body composition change for intervention studies with advancing 3D optical imaging technology in comparison to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Background: Recent 3-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging advancements have provided more accessible, affordable, and self-operating opportunities for assessing body composition. 3DO is accurate and precise in clinical measures made by DXA. However, the sensitivity for monitoring body composition change over time with 3DO body shape imaging is unknown.

Next-generation smart watches to estimate whole-body composition using bioimpedance analysis: accuracy and precision in a diverse, multiethnic sample.

Background: Novel advancements in wearable technologies include continuous measurement of body composition via smart watches. The accuracy and stability of these devices are unknown.

Objectives: This study evaluated smart watches with integrated bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) sensors for their ability to measure and monitor changes in body composition.

A device-agnostic shape model for automated body composition estimates from 3D optical scans.

Background: Many predictors of morbidity caused by metabolic disease are associated with body shape. 3D optical (3DO) scanning captures body shape and has been shown to accurately and precisely predict body composition variables associated with mortality risk. 3DO is safer, less expensive, and more accessible than criterion body composition assessment methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Assessment of clinical measures of total and regional body composition from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner.

Background: The accurate assessment of total body and regional body circumferences, volumes, and compositions are critical to monitor physical activity and dietary interventions, as well as accurate disease classifications including obesity, metabolic syndrome, sarcopenia, and lymphedema. We assessed body composition and anthropometry estimates provided by a commercial 3-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging system compared to criterion measures.

Methods: Participants of the Shape Up! Adults study were recruited for similar sized stratifications by sex, age (18-40, 40-60, >60 years), BMI (under, normal, overweight, obese), and across five ethnicities (non-Hispanic [NH] Black, NH White, Hispanic, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander).

A pose-independent method for accurate and precise body composition from 3D optical scans.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether digitally re-posing three-dimensional optical (3DO) whole-body scans to a standardized pose would improve body composition accuracy and precision regardless of the initial pose.

Methods: Healthy adults (n = 540), stratified by sex, BMI, and age, completed whole-body 3DO and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans in the Shape Up! Adults study. The 3DO mesh vertices were represented with standardized templates and a low-dimensional space by principal component analysis (stratified by sex).

Digital anthropometric evaluation of young children: comparison to results acquired with conventional anthropometry.

Objective: Three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging devices for acquiring anthropometric measurements are proliferating in healthcare facilities, although applicability in young children has not been evaluated; small body size and movement may limit device accuracy. The current study aim was to critically test three commercial 3DO devices in young children.

Methods: The number of successful scans and circumference measurements at six anatomic sites were quantified with the 3DO devices in 64 children, ages 5-8 years.

Diet Quality and Visceral Adiposity among a Multiethnic Population of Young, Middle, and Older Aged Adults.

Background: Visceral adiposity, more so than overall adiposity, is associated with chronic disease and mortality. There has been, to our knowledge, little research exploring the association between diet quality and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) among a mulitethnic population aged 18-80 y.

Objective: The primary objective of this cross-sectional analysis was to examine the association between diet quality [Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores] and VAT among a multiethnic population of young, middle, and older aged adults in the United States.

Predictors of liver fat among children and adolescents from five different ethnic groups.

Objectives: As rates of obesity around the world have increased, so has the detection of high level of liver fat in children and adolescents. This may put them at risk for cardiovascular disease later in life. This analysis of a cross-sectional population-based study of children and adolescents evaluated demographic and lifestyle determinants of percent liver fat.

Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating have not been explored in large randomized clinical trials.

Objective: To determine the effect of 16:8-hour time-restricted eating on weight loss and metabolic risk markers.

Interventions: Participants were randomized such that the consistent meal timing (CMT) group was instructed to eat 3 structured meals per day, and the time-restricted eating (TRE) group was instructed to eat ad libitum from 12:00 pm until 8:00 pm and completely abstain from caloric intake from 8:00 pm until 12:00 pm the following day.

Predicting 3D body shape and body composition from conventional 2D photography.

Purpose: Total and regional body composition are important indicators of health and mortality risk, but their measurement is usually restricted to controlled environments in clinical settings with expensive and specialized equipment. A method that approaches the accuracy of the current gold standard method, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while only requiring input from widely available consumer grade equipment, would enable the measurement of these important biometrics in the wild, enabling data collection at a scale that would have previously been prohibitive in time and expense. We describe an algorithm for predicting three-dimensional (3D) body shape and composition from a single frontal 2-dimensional image acquired with a digital consumer camera.

Children and Adolescents' Anthropometrics Body Composition from 3-D Optical Surface Scans.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the accuracy and precision of three-dimensional optical (3DO) whole-body scanning for automated anthropometry and estimating total and regional body composition.

Methods: Healthy children and adolescents (n = 181, ages 5-17 years) were recruited for the Shape Up! Kids study. Each participant underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and 3DO scans; multisite conventional tape measurements served as the anthropometric criterion measure.

Detailed 3-dimensional body shape features predict body composition, blood metabolites, and functional strength: the Shape Up! studies.

Background: Three-dimensional optical (3DO) body scanning has been proposed for automatic anthropometry. However, conventional measurements fail to capture detailed body shape. More sophisticated shape features could better indicate health status.

Optical imaging technology for body size and shape analysis: evaluation of a system designed for personal use.

Background/objectives: Three-dimensional optical (3DO) imaging systems that rapidly and accurately provide body shape and composition information are increasingly available in research and clinical settings. Recently, relatively low-cost and space efficient 3DO systems with the ability to report and track individual assessments were introduced to the consumer market for home use. This study critically evaluated the first 3DO imaging device intended for personal operation, the Naked Body Scanner (NBS), against reference methods.