Understanding the resistance mechanisms of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates in south-west regions of Haryana, North India.

Chemical control of tick infestation on dairy farms in India strongly relies upon the use of synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin) and organophosphate (coumaphos) drugs. Therefore, the present manuscript aims to investigate the resistance status of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks against these acaricides. Fully engorged adult R.

Effects of duration of exposure, co-supplementation with iron and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection on accumulation of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble copper in rats given molybdate in drinking water.

Thiolation can convert molybdate (MoO) into a series of thiomolybdates (MoSO) in the rumen, terminating in tetrathiomolybdate (MoS), a potent antagonist of copper absorption and, if absorbed, donor of reactive sulphide in tissues. Systemic exposure to MoS increases trichloroacetic acid-insoluble copper (TCAI Cu) concentrations in the plasma of ruminants and induction of TCAI Cu in rats given MoO in drinking water would support the hypothesis that rats, like ruminants, can thiolate MoO. Data on TCAI Cu are presented from two experiments involving MoO supplementation that had broader objectives.

Effects of Molybdate and Tetrathiomolybdate Supplementation of Drinking Water on Immature Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. 2. Copper Status and Tissue Molybdenum Accretion.

Molybdate (MoO) and tetrathiomolybdate (MoS) supplementation of rats via drinking water had opposite effects on the establishment of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae but both induced hypercupraemia, temporarily inhibited activities of superoxide dismutase in liver and duodenum after infection and enlarged the femoral head. Effects of MoO and MoS on activities of caeruloplasmin oxidase (CpO) in plasma, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (ESOD) and tissue copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) were compared to test the hypothesis that species lacking a rumen can thiolate MoO. Three groups of 18 immature Wistar rats were given Mo (70 mg/L as MoO) or MoS (5 mg/L) via drinking water or remained untreated; all received a commercial, cubed diet and 12 from each group were infected with larvae of N.

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Molybdate and Tetrathiomolybdate Supplementation of Water on Immature Rats Acutely Infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. 1. Effects on Outcome of Infection and Host Health.

Low molybdate (MoO) exposure via drinking water in mature rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis raised liver and plasma copper (Cu) concentrations. The possibility that anthelmintic effects were attributable to conversion of MoO to tetrathiomolybdate (MoS) in a non-ruminant species was investigated by giving three groups of 18 immature rats drinking water containing 70 mg Mo l as MoO (group A), 5 mg Mo l as MoS (group B) or no supplement (group C), while receiving a commercial cubed diet. After 41 days, 12 rats from each group were inoculated subcutaneously with 2,000 L3-stage N.

Comparative study of esterases in deltamethrin and diazinon resistant Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from the Trans-Gangetic plains of India.

A comparative analysis of esterases in susceptible and resistant ticks revealed six types of esterases (EST-1b, EST-2b, EST-3b, EST-4b, EST-5b and EST-6b) in Rhipicephalus microplus and four types (EST-1h, EST-2h, EST-3h, EST-4h) in Hyalomma anatolicum using α-naphthyl acetate substrate. Inhibition studies with eserine sulfate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, copper sulphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride revealed a marked variation in band intensity between susceptible and resistant ticks, with the latter being more intense. Qualitative expression of EST-4b along with an extra band of EST-5b and EST-6b were indicative of deltamethrin and diazinon resistance in R.

Inhibition of bovine platelets aggregation in response to salivary gland proteins/peptides.

Aim: Ticks are obligate ectoparasites that have an impact on wide range of vertebrates and also act as a potential vector for the transmission of tropical theileriosis, babesiosis, etc., causing significant loss to livestock production worldwide. While feeding, they introduce their saliva containing different bioactive molecules into the host.

Acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from Haryana and Rajasthan states of India.

Acaricide resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum ticks against deltamethrin and diazinon was assessed in Hisar (Haryana) and its adjoining district Churu (Rajasthan) using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). The mortality slope, LC50, LC95, 95 % confidence limit and resistance factor of field ticks were determined. Results showed that R.

Partial characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory protein from salivary gland extract of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 77Acari: Ixodidae) ticks.

Aim: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks transmit Theileria annulata, causative agent of tropical theileriosis to cattle and buffaloes causing a major economic loss in terms of production and mortality in tropical countries. Ticks have evolved several immune evading strategies to circumvent hosts' rejection and achieve engorgement. Successful feeding of ticks relies on a pharmacy of chemicals located in their complex salivary glands and secreted saliva.