Corticothalamic synchronization leads to c-fos expression in the auditory thalamus.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between c-fos expression in the auditory thalamus and corticofugal activation. The contribution of neurotransmitters and related receptors, the involvement of thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and the role of neuronal firing patterns in this process were also examined. The principal nuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB) showed c-fos expression when the auditory cortex (AC) was activated by direct injection of bicuculline methobromide.

Adenosine A1 receptors are involved in the modulation of the rhythmical respiration in neonatal rat brainstem slice in vitro.

This study was designed to investigate whether adenosine A1 receptors could modulate primary rhythmical respiration in mammals. Experiments were performed in in vitro brainstem slice preparations from neonatal rats. These preparations included the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF) with the hypoglossal nerve rootlets retained.

[Nitric oxide is involved in the modulation of central respiratory rhythm].

This experiment was expected to test whether nitric oxide (NO) exerted significant effect on the central respiratory rhythm. Experiments were performed on in vitro brainstem slice preparations from neonatal rats. These preparations include the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF); a part of pre-Bötinger complex, ventral respiratory group (VRG) and dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

Projections between the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis and other respiratory regions in rats brainstem.

Objective: To study the projections between the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF) and other respiratory regions in rat brainstem.

Methods: Twenty-five adult SD rats were used in this study, which received anesthesia with sodium pentobarbitone. Retrograde/anterograde tracing methods were employed by unilateral microinjection into mNRF with 30% horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 0.