"Some missions can be quite emotionally painful." Paramedic´s experience exercising coercion during assignments-A qualitative study.

Background: More than 70% of respondents in a previous survey among paramedics reported use of coercion or physical force towards patients. Coercion outside hospital is not permitted, and neither routines nor equipment intended for physical restraint is available in the Norwegian ambulance services. Paramedics carry out assignments involving use of force and coercion on unclear legal grounds, with no training in techniques or proper equipment.

Ambulance personnel use of coercion and use of safety belts in Norway.

Background: Providing health care in a moving vehicle requires different considerations regarding safety than in other settings. Use of seatbelts are mandatory, and during ambulance transport patients are fastened to the stretcher with safety straps. However, patients who wriggle out of, or unfasten, their safety straps pose a threat to him/herself and escorting personnel in the ambulance compartment in case of an accident.

Exploring use of coercion in the Norwegian ambulance service - a qualitative study.

Background: Healthcare laws allow for exceptions from the consent requirement when patients are not competent to consent or pose a danger to themselves or others. In these cases, the use of coercion may be an alternative to voluntary health care. Ambulance personnel are regularly confronted with patients who need healthcare but refuse it and/or refuse to cooperate.

Coercion in the ambulance setting.

Background: Patients who resist medical assistance can undo the safety straps on the ambulance stretcher. Ambulance personnel have been known to make use of blankets, bandages and Velcro straps to restrain patients in transit. This study aims to establish how often this type of coercion is used.

Norwegian Emergency Medicine Systems' Training and Equipment for Penetrating Injuries: A National Survey-Based Study.

Objective: Recent terror attacks led the Norwegian government to develop a procedure for emergency and law enforcement services cooperation during Active Violent Incidents (AVI, abbreviated PLIVO in Norwegian). To address further national initiatives to improve preparedness for mass casualty events and penetrating injuries among emergency medical services (EMS) in Norway, training and equipment status were mapped.

Methods: All EMS regions in Norway were invited to participate in an electronic nation-wide survey about practical medical training in PLIVO scenario training and specific training in hemorrhage control and penetrating injuries.

Implementation of new guidelines in the prehospital services: a nationwide survey of Norway.

Background: A debate regarding the potential harmful effects of rigid neck collar and backboard usage among prehospital and hospital care providers in Norway provoked the development of an evidence-based guideline. "The Norwegian guideline for the prehospital management of adult trauma patients with potential spinal injury" was developed with rigorous scientific methods and published in 2016. An e-learning course was developed in parallel.