Human Anatomy: Teaching-Learning Experience of a Support Teacher and a Student with Low Vision and Blindness.

In Brazil, a federal law ensures that all students with disabilities are entitled to enrollment in higher education institutions. Higher courses in human anatomy stand out for their complexity in both theoretical and practical contents. Therefore, adaptation is required to accommodate students with special educational needs.

Assessment of complex genomic alterations induced by AZT, 3TC, and the combination AZT +3TC.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens are based on the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which are the main drugs used by patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of NRTIs combinations has afforded clear clinical benefits to patients undergoing HAART. However, the combination of two NRTIs may increase the risk of genomic instability in comparison with the drugs administered individually.

Genotoxicity testing of combined treatment with cisplatin, bleomycin, and 5-fluorouracil in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

The simultaneous treatment with the cross-linking agent cisplatin, the radiomimetic antitumoral drug bleomycin, and the anti-metabolite drug 5-fluorouracil has been used as a regimen to treat patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Considering that these drugs interact directly with DNA, one of the important late-occurring complications from treatment of primary malignancies is the therapy-related secondary cancers as a result of the genotoxic activity of the drugs on normal cells. In this sense, the genotoxicity of this combination was evaluated using the wing somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster.

The genetic toxicity effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretroviral agents.

Importance Of The Field: The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are used in antiretroviral therapy worldwide for the treatment of HIV infections. These drugs act by blocking reverse transcriptase enzyme activity, causing pro-viral DNA chain termination. As a consequence, NRTIs could cause genomic instability and loss of heterozygosity.

Mutagenic and recombinagenic effects of lamivudine and stavudine antiretrovirals in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) are nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors employed in antiretroviral therapies. The mutational and recombinational potential as well as the total genetic toxicity was determined for both compounds at concentrations allowing at least 30% survival using the standard version of wing SMART assay. The standardized clone induction frequency per mg/ml for mwh/flr(3) genotype were approximately 2 and approximately 33 mutant clones/10(5) cells/(mg/ml) for d4T and 3TC, respectively.

Comparative analysis of genetic toxicity of AZT and ddI antiretrovirals in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

Antiretroviral therapies based on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, like zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; AZT) and didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyinosine; ddI), markedly reduce human immunodeficiency virus loads. The Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test in Drosophila melanogaster (wing SMART), in its standard version, was applied to compare AZT and ddI genetic toxicity expressed as point and chromosomal mutation as well as homologous mitotic recombination. The present findings provide evidence that the mechanistic basis underlying the genetic toxicity of these antiretrovirals is mainly related to mitotic recombination.