Non-invasive neuromodulation in the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the efficacy of non-invasive neuromodulation modalities for the treatment of acute migraine.

Background: Although pharmacological treatments are the gold standard for the management of acute migraine, some patients may require non-pharmacological treatment options. Non-invasive neuromodulation may provide an alternative, and techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS), non-painful remote electrical stimulation (NRES), and external trigeminal nerve stimulation (e-TNS).