Low-energy diets before metabolic bariatric surgery: A systematic review of the effect on total body weight, liver volume, glycemia and side effects.

There is no consensus regarding energy content or duration of hypocaloric diets used for preoperative optimization of patients before metabolic bariatric surgery. In this systematic review, we aimed to compare the effect of different hypocaloric diets on reductions in total body weight, liver volume, glucose and insulin concentrations, and side effects. Six databases were searched for articles including adults with BMI ≥35 kg/m treated with hypocaloric diets before metabolic bariatric surgery.

Young children's understanding and experience of insight.

An insight is a moment of sudden understanding followed by characteristic feelings of suddenness, positive affect, certainty, and ease, commonly known as an aha experience. Despite evidence from studies with adults that aha experiences benefit learning, little systematic research on children's aha experiences exists. The present study asks how children understand and experience insight.

Glycemic variability and hypoglycemia before and after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy - A cohort study of females without diabetes.

Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) lead to lower fasting glucose concentrations, but might cause higher glycemic variability (GV) and increased risk of hypoglycemia. However, it has been sparsely studied in patients without preoperative diabetes under normal living conditions.

Objectives: To study 24-hour interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations, GV, the occurrence of hypoglycemia and dietary intake before and after laparoscopic RYGB and SG in females without diabetes.

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Background: Acute uterine inversion is a rare, but serious, obstetric complication in the third stage of labour, commonly resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. A total or partial invagination of the uterine fundus occurs, followed by profuse bleeding and circulatory instability. The case presented here illustrates a typical clinical course of the condition.

Lower Interstitial Glucose Concentrations but Higher Glucose Variability during Low-Energy Diet Compared to Regular Diet-An Observational Study in Females with Obesity.

This is an observational study of interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations, IG variability and dietary intake under free-living conditions in 46 females with obesity but without diabetes. We used continuous glucose monitoring, open-ended food recording and step monitoring during regular dietary intake followed by a low-energy diet (LED). Thirty-nine participants completed both study periods.

Circulating magnesium status is associated with type 2 diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a long-term cohort study.

Background: Low serum magnesium levels predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with typ 2 diabetes.

Setting: Outpatient clinic of obesity and central hospital.

Objectives: To assess long-term alterations in circulating magnesium status after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery and associations with remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Comparison of Meal Pattern and Postprandial Glucose Response in Duodenal Switch and Gastric Bypass Patients.

Background: Bariatric surgery improves glucose homeostasis; however, side effects such as hypoglycemia can occur. We investigated the effects of meals on interstitial glucose (IG) response in biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP)-operated patients at least 1 year after surgery.

Methods: Thirty patients treated with BPD-DS or RYGBP were recruited at the outpatient Obesity Unit, Uppsala University Hospital.

Mechanical oscillations superimposed on the pelvic floor muscles during Kegel exercises reduce urine leakage in women suffering from stress urinary incontinence: A prospective cohort study with a 2-year follow up.

Introduction: New methods of conservative treatment of female stress urinary incontinence are needed. We investigated whether superimposed vibration mechanosignals during Kegel exercises could reduce the amount of urinary leakage after 4 and 6 weeks of training.

Material And Methods: Sixty women with stress urinary incontinence were included in this prospective cohort study.

Increased circulating magnesium concentrations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Low circulating magnesium concentrations predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Epidemiologic and clinical studies have indicated lower extra- and intracellular magnesium concentrations in patients with diabetes.

Objective: We aimed to describe alterations, if any, in circulating magnesium concentrations after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (LRYGB) in patients with obesity and T2D.

Extent, regional variation and impact of gynecologist payment models in routine pelvic examinations: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Background: Based on moderate quality evidence, routine pelvic examination is strongly recommended against in asymptomatic women. The aims of this study was to quantify the extent of routine pelvic examinations within specialized health care in Norway, to assess if the use of these services differs across hospital referral regions and to assess if the use of colposcopy and ultrasound differs with gynecologists' payment models.

Methods: Nationwide cross-sectional study including all women aged 18 years and older in Norway in the years 2014-16 (2,038,747).

Ultrapure LPS induces inflammatory and antibacterial responses attenuated in vitro by exogenous sera in Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon.

Phagocyte recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an early key event for triggering the host innate immune response necessary for clearance of invading bacteria. The ability of fishes to recognise LPS has been questioned as contradictory results have been presented. We show here that monocyte/macrophage cultures from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) respond with an increased expression of inflammatory and antibacterial genes to both crude and ultrapure Escherichia coli LPS.

Monitoring equilibrium reaction dynamics of a nearly barrierless molecular rotor using ultrafast vibrational echoes.

Using rapidly acquired spectral diffusion, a recently developed variation of heterodyne detected infrared photon echo spectroscopy, we observe ∼3 ps solvent independent spectral diffusion of benzene chromium tricarbonyl (C6H6Cr(CO)3, BCT) in a series of nonpolar linear alkane solvents. The spectral dynamics is attributed to low-barrier internal torsional motion. This tripod complex has two stable minima corresponding to staggered and eclipsed conformations, which differ in energy by roughly half of kBT.

Efficient screening of marine extracts for protease inhibitors by combining FRET based activity assays and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy based binding assays.

The screening of extracts from marine organisms is a widely used strategy to discover new drug leads. A common problem in the screening process is the generation of false positive hits through unspecific effects from the complex chemical composition of the crude extracts. In this study, we explored a combination of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based activity assay and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based binding assay to avoid this problem.

Enzyme characterisation and gene expression profiling of Atlantic salmon chicken- and goose-type lysozymes.

Lysozymes represent important innate immune components against bacteria. In this study, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) goose (g-) and chicken (c-) types of lysozyme were subjected to protein characterisations and tissue expression analyses. Specific bacterial protein inhibitors of g- and c-type lysozymes were employed to discriminate between respective enzyme activities.

Identification of a bacterial inhibitor against g-type lysozyme.

Lysozymes are antibacterial effectors of the innate immune system in animals that hydrolyze peptidoglycan. Bacteria have evolved protective mechanisms that contribute to lysozyme tolerance such as the production of lysozyme inhibitors, but only inhibitors of chicken (c-) and invertebrate (i-) type lysozyme have been identified. We here report the discovery of a novel Escherichia coli inhibitor specific for goose (g-) type lysozymes, which we designate PliG (periplasmic lysozyme inhibitor of g-type lysozyme).

The enzyme and the cDNA sequence of a thermolabile and double-strand specific DNase from Northern shrimps (Pandalus borealis).

Background: We have previously isolated a thermolabile nuclease specific for double-stranded DNA from industrial processing water of Northern shrimps (Pandalus borealis) and developed an application of the enzyme in removal of contaminating DNA in PCR-related technologies.

Methodology/principal Findings: A 43 kDa nuclease with a high specific activity of hydrolysing linear as well as circular forms of DNA was purified from hepatopancreas of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). The enzyme displayed a substrate preference that was shifted from exclusively double-stranded DNA in the presence of magnesium to also encompass significant activity against single-stranded DNA when calcium was added.

Thermodynamics and structure of a salmon cold active goose-type lysozyme.

Atlantic salmon goose-type lysozyme (SalG) was previously shown to display features of cold-adaptation as well as renaturation following heat treatment. In this study differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was carried out to investigate unfolding and potential refolding, while X-ray crystallography was used to study structural factors contributing to the temperature-related characteristics. The recombinant SalG has a melting temperature (T(m)) of 36.

Structural evidence for lack of inhibition of fish goose-type lysozymes by a bacterial inhibitor of lysozyme.

It is known that bacteria contain inhibitors of lysozyme activity. The recently discovered Escherichia coli inhibitor of vertebrate lysozyme (Ivy) and its potential interactions with several goose-type (g-type) lysozymes from fish were studied using functional enzyme assays, comparative homology modelling, protein-protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Enzyme assays carried out on salmon g-type lysozyme revealed a lack of inhibition by Ivy.

A cold-active salmon goose-type lysozyme with high heat tolerance.

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) goose-type lysozyme gene was isolated and revealed alternative splicing within exon 2 affecting the signal peptide-encoding region. The lysozyme was produced in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme showed a high specific lytic activity that was stimulated by low or moderate concentrations of mono- or divalent cations. Relative lytic activities of 70 and 100% were measured at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C, respectively, and there was no detectable activity at 60 degrees C.

Glutathione S-transferase from the Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica): isolation and partial characterization.

Glutathione S-transferase from the digestive gland of the cold-adapted marine bivalve Icelandic scallop was purified to apparent homogeneity by single GSTrap chromatography. The enzyme appeared to be a homodimer with subunit M(r) 22,000 having an optimum catalytic activity at pH 6.5-7.

Role of routine ultrasonography in monitoring the outcome of medical abortion in a clinical setting.

Background: Clinical methods generally used to evaluate the completeness of medical abortion are not accurate. There are no published reports evaluating the role of routine ultrasonography in monitoring the outcome of medical abortion. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether routine transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) at the follow-up visit after medical abortion can accurately identify women who will require surgical intervention.

Urochordates carry multiple genes for goose-type lysozyme and no genes for chicken- or invertebrate-type lysozymes.

Genome clones and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and from the larvacean Oikopleura dioica were analysed for the presence of lysozyme-encoding genes. Two genes were found to potentially code for goose-type lysozymes in Oikopleura, while three or possibly more g-type proteins form the lysozyme complement of C. intestinalis, and at least one of these genes from each species is expressed based on EST data.

Multiple invertebrate lysozymes in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis).

Initial analyses of lysozyme activities in individual blue mussels Mytilus edulis indicated variations in features of activity from the crystalline style to the remaining body parts (the soft body). Two separate larger scale lysozyme isolations were performed employing extracts from 1000 styles and 50 soft bodies, respectively. The soft body origin contained one, or one major, lysozyme that was purified to homogeneity.