Unveiling the impact of antibiotic stress on biofilm formation and expression of toxin-antitoxin system genes in Clostridium difficile clinical isolates.

Objectives: The study investigates how antibiotics affect biofilm formation and toxin gene expression in Clostridium difficile, which is essential for its survival and persistence.

Methods: The study confirmed 25 strains of C. difficile and assessed biofilm formation.

Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors in Clinical Isolates of from Hospitalized Patients in Tehran, Iran.

causes challenging infections in immunocompromised patients, exhibiting increasing resistance to multiple antimicrobials and possessing various virulence genes, including emerging resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A total of 80 clinical isolates of were collected from multiple hospitals in Tehran, Iran. This study conducted an analysis of antibiotic susceptibility by disc diffusion method and -test assay, resistance and virulence gene frequencies were examined by PCR-sequencing, and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) was performed for strain typing.