Lactic acid in macrophage polarization: A factor in carcinogenesis and a promising target for cancer therapy.

Cancer remains a formidable challenge, continually revealing its intricate nature and demanding novel treatment approaches. Within this intricate landscape, the tumor microenvironment and its dynamic components have gained prominence, particularly macrophages that can adopt diverse polarization states, exerting a profound influence on cancer progression. Recent revelations have spotlighted lactic acid as a pivotal player in this complex interplay.

The role of macrophage subtypes and exosomes in immunomodulation.

Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of features, involving the migration, development, and organization of the cells. There is mounting evidence that macrophage polarization plays a key role in the initiation and development of a wide range of diseases.

Emerging role of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer treatment and diagnosis.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing. These massive amounts of cancer patients require rapid diagnosis and efficient treatment strategies. However, the currently utilized methods are invasive and cost-effective.