Cerebellar haemorrhage and atrophy in infants born extremely preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage.

Aim: To investigate the impact of cerebellar haemorrhage (CBH) and atrophy in infants born extremely preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) on neurodevelopment at 2 years of age.

Method: This retrospective case-control study included infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation with IVH over a 10-year period. CBH, along with the assessment of cerebellar size, using magnetic resonance imaging, were studied.

Predicting Outcomes of Preterm Neonates Post Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm neonates presents a high risk for developing posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD), a severe complication that can impact survival and long-term outcomes. Early detection of PHVD before clinical onset is crucial for optimizing therapeutic interventions and providing accurate parental counseling. This study explores the potential of explainable machine learning models based on targeted liquid biopsy proteomics data to predict outcomes in preterm neonates with IVH.

Acute impact of posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation on cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants with intraventricular haemorrhage.

Aim: To assess the effect of ventricular decompression on cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

Methods: Fifty-three preterm neonates born <34 weeks' gestation between 2013 and 2023 with IVH and subsequent PHVD were prospectively included. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO) as well as fractional cerebral tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) were analysed 2 weeks before and after ventricular decompression.

Neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhages: the potential of quantitative brainstem MRI.

Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to identify quantitative magnetic resonance imaging markers in the brainstem of preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhages. It delves into the intricate associations between quantitative brainstem magnetic resonance imaging metrics and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage, aiming to elucidate potential relationships and their clinical implications.

Materials And Methods: Neuroimaging was performed on preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage using a multi-dynamic multi-echo sequence to determine T1 relaxation time, T2 relaxation time, and proton density in specific brainstem regions.

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Neurodevelopmental Outcome Prediction in Neonates Born Extremely Premature-An Exploratory Study.

Purpose: Neonates born at < 28 weeks of gestation are at risk for neurodevelopmental delay. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative MR-based metrics for the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm neonates.

Methods: T1-/T2-relaxation times (T1R/T2R), ADC, and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the left/right posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) and the brainstem were determined at term-equivalent ages in a sample of extremely preterm infants (n = 33).

Maternal biomarkers in predicting neonatal sepsis after preterm premature rupture of membranes in preterm infants.

Aim: This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the utility of maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte levels in predicting neonatal sepsis after preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study (2009-2021), encompassing preterm infants born ≤29 + 6 weeks of gestation following pPROM. The primary outcome was early-onset neonatal sepsis within the initial 72 h of life.

Intrauterine Detection of Ureaplasma Species after Vaginal Colonization in Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcome.

Introduction: Intrauterine infection with Ureaplasma species (U.spp.) is mostly a result of vaginal colonization with subsequent ascending infection and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Reference Values for Two-Dimensional Quantitative Brain Metrics in a Cohort of Extremely Preterm Infants.

Introduction: Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) is an important diagnostic tool in neonatology. In addition to qualitative analysis, quantitative measurements may help identify infants with impaired brain growth. This study aimed to create reference values for brain metrics of various brain areas in neonates without major brain injuries born before 28 weeks of gestation.

Brain Biometry Reveals Impaired Brain Growth in Preterm Neonates with Intraventricular Hemorrhage.

Introduction: Preterm birth and cerebral hemorrhage have adverse effects on brain development. Alterations in regional brain size on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be assessed using 2D biometrical analysis, an easily applicable technique showing good correlation with 3D brain volumes.

Methods: This retrospective study included 74 preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) born <32+0 weeks of gestation between 2011 and 2019.

Cerebral regional tissue Oxygen Saturation to Guide Oxygen Delivery in preterm neonates during immediate transition after birth (COSGOD III): multicentre randomised phase 3 clinical trial.

Objective: To investigate whether monitoring of cerebral tissue oxygen saturation using near infrared spectroscopy in addition to routine monitoring combined with defined treatment guidelines during immediate transition and resuscitation increases survival without cerebral injury of premature infants compared with standard care alone.

Design: Multicentre, multinational, randomised controlled phase 3 trial.

Setting: 11 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in six countries in Europe and in Canada.

Synthetic MR Imaging-Based WM Signal Suppression Identifies Neonatal Brainstem Pathways in Vivo.

Background And Purpose: Multidynamic multiecho sequence-based imaging enables investigators to reconstruct multiple MR imaging contrasts on the basis of a single scan. This study investigated the feasibility of synthetic MRI-based WM signal suppression (syWMSS), a synthetic inversion recovery approach in which a short TI suppresses myelin-related signals, for the identification of early myelinating brainstem pathways.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-one cases of neonatal MR imaging, which included multidynamic multiecho data and conventionally acquired T1- and T2-weighted sequences, were analyzed.

Vaginal Delivery Is Associated with Neurochemical Evidence of Increased Neuroaxonal Remodelling in Infants from the KUNO-Kids Health Study: Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Aim: Little is known about neonatal brain plasticity or the impact of birth mode on neurointegrity. As a reflection of neuroaxonal damage, the neuronal structural protein neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a highly specific biomarker. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that vaginal delivery is associated with increased NfL in neonates.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a very preterm infant using high-frequency oscillation ventilation.

We present a novel approach of ventilation, using high-frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV), during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of a very preterm neonate. This case report highlights the importance of adequate lung inflation, which is a current topic, with neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommending a coordinated 3:1 compression:ventilation ratio during CPR. Our patient, a female infant born at 30 weeks gestational age, weighing 970 g, appeared floppy and apneic following birth in the amniotic sac.

Routine Use of Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Infants Born Extremely Preterm.

Objective: To describe cerebral abnormalities and their risk factors in a contemporary cohort of infants born extremely premature after the introduction of routine cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) at term-equivalent age.

Study Design: All cMRI examinations performed during November 2017 and November 2020, based on a standardized neonatal cMRI protocol, were included into analysis. Pathologies were retrospectively classified into 3 categories: intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), white matter disease, and cerebellar injuries.

Outcome Prediction in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy Using Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the predictive power of the combined use of neurophysiological (amplitude-integrated electroencephalography [aEEG], near-infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) methods and neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) for long-term outcome prediction in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE).

Study Design: Prospective cohort study of 56 patients with moderate to severe HIE and hypothermia treatment at the Medical University of Vienna between 2008 and 2020. aEEG and NIRS were recorded continuously over a period of >4 days (102 h) starting at the initiation of hypothermia treatment, MRI was performed at a median age of 8 days.

Different from the Beginning: WM Maturity of Female and Male Extremely Preterm Neonates-A Quantitative MRI Study.

Background And Purpose: Former preterm born males are at higher risk for neurodevelopmental disabilities compared with female infants born at the same gestational age. This retrospective study investigated sex-related differences in the maturity of early myelinating brain regions in infants born <28 weeks' gestational age using diffusion tensor- and relaxometry-based MR imaging.

Materials And Methods: Quantitative MR imaging sequence acquisitions were analyzed in a sample of 35 extremely preterm neonates imaged at term-equivalent ages.

A Mixed-Lipid Emulsion Containing Fish Oil for the Parenteral Nutrition of Preterm Infants: No Impact on Visual Neuronal Conduction.

Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and essential for neuronal myelination and maturation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a mixed-lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF-LE) compared to a pure soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (S-LE) for parenteral nutrition had an impact on neuronal conduction in preterm infants. This study is a retrospective matched cohort study comparing preterm infants <1000 g who received SMOF-LE in comparison to S-LE for parenteral nutrition.

Association between Fat-Free Mass and Brain Size in Extremely Preterm Infants.

Postnatal growth restriction and deficits in fat-free mass are associated with impaired neurodevelopment. The optimal body composition to support normal brain growth and development remains unclear. This study investigated the association between body composition and brain size in preterm infants.

A novel magnetic resonance imaging-based scoring system to predict outcome in neonates born preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage.

Aim: To create a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based scoring system specific to neonates born preterm with intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), which could serve as a reliable prognostic indicator for later development and might allow for improved outcome prediction, individually-tailored parental counselling, and clinical decision-making.

Method: This retrospective, two-center observational cohort study included 103 infants born preterm with IVH (61 males, 42 females; median gestational age 26wks 6d), born between 2000 and 2016. Term-equivalent MRI was evaluated using a novel scoring system consisting of 11 items.

Aberrant gut-microbiota-immune-brain axis development in premature neonates with brain damage.

Premature infants are at substantial risk for suffering from perinatal white matter injury. Though the gut microbiota has been implicated in early-life development, a detailed understanding of the gut-microbiota-immune-brain axis in premature neonates is lacking. Here, we profiled the gut microbiota, immunological, and neurophysiological development of 60 extremely premature infants, which received standard hospital care including antibiotics and probiotics.

Longitudinal Reference Values for Cerebral Ventricular Size in Preterm Infants Born at 23-27 Weeks of Gestation.

Objective: To establish longitudinal reference values for cerebral ventricular size in the most vulnerable patients at risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD).

Study Design: This retrospective study included neurologically healthy preterm neonates born at 23-26 weeks of gestational age between September 2011 and April 2019. Patients were treated at 2 Austrian tertiary centers, Medical University of Vienna and Medical University of Innsbruck.