Flywheel resistance training promotes unique muscle architectural and performance-related adaptations in young adults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the skeletal muscle hypertrophic, architectural, and performance-related adaptations in response to volume-matched, total-body flywheel versus traditional resistance training in a randomized, non-exercise controlled study in physically active young adults. Thirty-one healthy young adults (24 ± 3 y) were randomized to 10 weeks of traditional resistance training (TRT; n = 7F/5M), flywheel training (FWRT; n = 7F/4M), or a habitual activity control (CON; n = 5F/3M). Maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT), one repetition-maximum (1RM) for the free weight squat and bench press, three repetition work maximum (3W) for the flywheel squat and bench press, countermovement jump height, and broad jump distance, as well as site-specific muscle hypertrophy, fascicle length (FL), and pennation angle, were measured.

Sex differences in gray matter, white matter, and regional brain perfusion in young, healthy adults.

Cerebrovascular and neurological diseases exhibit sex-specific patterns in prevalence, severity, and regional specificity, some of which are associated with altered cerebral blood flow (CBF). Females often exhibit higher resting CBF, but understanding the impact of sex per se on CBF is hampered by study variability in age, comorbidities, medications, and control for menstrual cycle or hormone therapies. A majority of studies report whole brain CBF without differentiating between gray and white matter or without assessing regional CBF.

Resistance exercise breaks during prolonged sitting augment the blood flow response to a subsequent oral glucose load in sedentary adults.

Sitting-induced impairments in postprandial blood flow are an important link between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic disease risk. The objective of this work was to examine the effects of resistance exercise breaks (REB) performed every 30 min during an otherwise sedentary 3-h period on the vasodilatory response to a subsequent oral glucose load in sedentary adults. Twenty-four sedentary adults (27 ± 7 years, 16 females) completed two conditions.

Acceptability of Performing Resistance Exercise Breaks in the Workplace to Break Up Prolonged Sedentary Time: A Randomized Control Trial in U.S. Office Workers and Students.

We investigated the acceptability of bodyweight resistance exercise breaks (REB) to disrupt prolonged sedentary behavior in the workplace. Twenty-nine individuals completed a REB, where they performed 3-min REB 4, 8, and 16 times on days 1-2, 3-4, and 5 of the workweek, respectively, and a control condition (i.e.

Acute effects of commercial energy drink consumption on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of a non-caloric energy drink (C4E) compared to a traditional sugar-containing energy drink (MED) and non-caloric placebo (PLA) on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety. Thirty healthy, physically active males (25 ± 4 y) completed three experimental visits under semi-fasted conditions (5-10 h) and in randomized order, during which they consumed C4E, MED, or PLA matched for volume, appearance, taste, and mouthfeel. One hour after drink consumption, participants completed a maximal, graded exercise test (GXT) with measurement of pulmonary gases, an isometric leg extension fatigue test (ISO), and had their cardiac electrical activity (ECG), leg blood flow (LBF), and blood pressure (BP) measured throughout the visit.

Resistance exercise lowers blood pressure and improves vascular endothelial function in individuals with elevated blood pressure or stage-1 hypertension.

Lifestyle modifications are the first-line treatment recommendation for elevated blood pressure (BP) or stage-1 hypertension (E/S1H) and include resistance exercise training (RET). The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of a 9-wk RET intervention in line with the current exercise guidelines for individuals with E/S1H on resting peripheral and central BP, vascular endothelial function, central arterial stiffness, autonomic function, and inflammation in middle-aged and older adults (MA/O) with untreated E/S1H. Twenty-six MA/O adults (54 ± 6 yr; 16 females/10 males) with E/S1H engaged in either 9 wk of 3 days/wk RET ( = 13) or a nonexercise control (Con; = 13).

Progressive iso-inertial resistance exercise promotes more favorable cardiovascular adaptations than traditional resistance exercise in young adults.

We compared the cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training (RT) using either traditional isotonic or iso-inertial resistance exercise in a randomized controlled study. Thirty-one healthy young adults (means ± SD, age = 24 ± 3 yr) completed 10 wk of traditional isotonic RT (TRT; = 7 female/5 male), iso-inertial flywheel RT (FWRT; = 7 female/4 male), or a habitual activity control (Con; = 5 female/3 male). Before and following the intervention period, blood pressure, blood pressure reactivity, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), and heart rate variability (RMSSD) were assessed.

Acute effects of daily step count on postprandial metabolism and resting fat oxidation: a randomized controlled trial.

To examine the effects of daily step count on same-day fat oxidation and postprandial metabolic responses to an evening high-fat mixed meal (HFMM). Ten healthy participants (5 females, 30 ± 7 yr) completed four different daily step counts-2,000 (2 K), 5,000 (5 K), 10,000 (10 K), and 15,000 (15 K) steps-on separate days in randomized order. On experimental days, participants ate the same meals and walked all steps on an indoor track at a pace of 100 steps/min in three roughly equal bouts throughout the day.

The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review.

Sleep deficiency is a ubiquitous phenomenon among Americans. In fact, in the United States, ∼78% of teens and 35% of adults currently get less sleep than recommended for their age-group, and the quality of sleep appears to be getting worse for many. The consequences of sleep disruption manifest in a myriad of ways, including insulin resistance and disrupted nutrient metabolism, dysregulation of hunger and satiety, and potentially increased body weight and adiposity.

Novel Energy Drink Improves Cognitive Function and Mood, without Influencing Myocardial Oxygen Demand or Ventricular Repolarization in Adult Gamers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.

Objectives: To examine the efficacy of acute consumption of a novel energy drink (C4S) versus placebo for improving cognitive and gaming performance and mood. Secondarily, we examined the cardiovascular safety profile of acute C4S consumption.

Methods: Forty-five healthy, young adult video gamers completed two experimental visits in randomized order where they consumed either C4S or a placebo and then completed a validated battery of neurocognitive tests, played five video games, and completed a mood state survey.

Progressive exercise training improves cardiovascular psychophysiological outcomes in young adult women with a history of adverse childhood experiences.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are early-life psychosocial stressors that are associated with poorer mental health and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a dose-dependent manner. We examined the feasibility of an 8-wk combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program to improve systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), resilience, hope agency, and hope pathways in young women with ACEs. Forty-two healthy women (21 ± 3 yr) with ≥4 (ACE+; = 28) or 0 ACEs (ACE-; = 14) participated in this study.

Metabolic and microvascular function assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy with vascular occlusion in women: age differences and reliability.

New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Can the near-infrared spectroscopy with vascular occlusion test (NIRS-VOT) reliably measure skeletal muscle metabolic and microvascular function in women? What is the main finding and its importance? The NIRS-VOT can be used as a reliable technique for the assessment of skeletal muscle metabolism and microvascular function in women, with reliability being generally greater in younger women. These findings have important implications for the planning and development of future studies employing the NIRS-VOT in women, and provide insights into the effects of age on these parameters in women specifically.

Abstract: We investigated the test-retest reliability of, and age-related differences in, markers of skeletal muscle metabolism and microvascular function derived from the near-infrared spectroscopy with vascular occlusion test (NIRS-VOT) in younger women (YW) and middle-aged and older women (MAOW).

The contributory role of vascular health in age-related anabolic resistance.

Sarcopenia, or the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is an increasingly prevalent condition that contributes to reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in older adults. Older adults display blunted anabolic responses to otherwise anabolic stimuli-a phenomenon that has been termed anabolic resistance (AR)-which is likely a casual factor in sarcopenia development. AR is multifaceted, but historically much of the mechanistic focus has been on signalling impairments, and less focus has been placed on the role of the vasculature in postprandial protein kinetics.

Childhood psychosocial stress is linked with impaired vascular endothelial function, lower SIRT1, and oxidative stress in young adulthood.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are psychosocial stressors that occur during sensitive developmental windows and are associated with increased lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a dose-dependent manner. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a pathophysiological mechanism that promotes hypertension and CVD and may be a mechanism by which ACEs contribute to lifetime CVD risk. We examined whether exposure to ACEs is associated with reduced vascular endothelial function (VEF) in otherwise healthy, young adult women (20.

Who would benefit most from postprandial lipid screening?

Background & Aims: Individuals with fasting triglycerides (TG) <150 mg/dL can experience a deleterious postprandial TG response ≥220 mg/dL to a high-fat meal (HFM). The purpose of this study was to identify individuals based on fasting TG that would benefit most from additional postprandial screening.

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of 7 studies from our laboratories featuring 156 disease-free participants (64 M, 92 F; age 18-70 years; BMI 18.

Electromyographic amplitude versus torque relationships are different in young versus postmenopausal females and are related to muscle mass after controlling for bodyweight.

Purpose: To examine differences in the electromyographic vs torque (EMG-T) relationship, as well as muscle strength and indicators of muscle mass and quality between young versus postmenopausal females, and explore whether the potential differences in the EMG-T relationships could be explained by differences in muscle mass.

Methods: Thirty young (age = 20.7 ± 2.

Increases in motor unit action potential amplitudes are related to muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of high-intensity exercise training in females.

We examined the motor unit action potential amplitude versus recruitment threshold relationship (MUAP-RT) as an indicator of MU-specific hypertrophy following high-intensity exercise training in females. Participants were assigned to either a high-intensity exercise (EX,  = 9) or control (CON,  = 18) condition and completed pre- (PRE) and post-testing (POST) during which maximal voluntary isometric leg extension strength (MVIT), (VL) muscle cross sectional area (mCSA), whole leg skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and high-density surface EMG (HD-sEMG) signals were recorded from the VL during an isometric ramp contraction at 70% MVIT. The HD-sEMG signals were decomposed and yielded a MUAP and an absolute (ABS; Nm) and normalized (NORM; %MVIC) RT for each MU.

Resistance exercise attenuates postprandial metabolic responses to a high-fat meal similarly in younger and older men.

This study examined whether an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) attenuated postprandial responses to a high fat meal (HFM) similarly in younger versus older adult men, and probed relationships among skeletal muscle mass (SMM), age, the metabolic load index (MLI) response, and the improvement in the MLI elicited by RE versus CON. Eleven younger (24 ± 4y) and 9 older (61 ± 5y) men completed RE or control (CON) the night prior to a HFM. Before and 1, 3, and 5 hours after the HFM, blood triglycerides (TG), glucose (GLU), MLI, and cholesterol concentrations were quantified.

Maximal contraction methods influence the magnitude and reliability of global electromyographic signal characteristics.

Objective: The purpose was two-fold: (1) to examine differences in maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) production, and electromyographic signal amplitude (EMG) and mean power frequency (EMG) values obtained during traditional (MVIC), rapid (MVIC), and ramp (MVIC) maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and (2) to determine if there were differences in the reliability of MVIT, EMG and EMG among the three MVIC types.

Approach: Twenty-two young males and females completed MVIC, MVIC, and MVIC muscle actions on two separate visits separated by 48 h. During all MVICs, MVIT and EMG and EMG of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were quantified.