Prokaryote- and Eukaryote-Based Expression Systems: Advances in Post-Pandemic Viral Antigen Production for Vaccines.

This review addresses the ongoing global challenge posed by emerging and evolving viral diseases, underscoring the need for innovative vaccine development strategies. It focuses on the modern approaches to creating vaccines based on recombinant proteins produced in different expression systems, including bacteria, yeast, plants, insects, and mammals. This review analyses the advantages, limitations, and applications of these expression systems for producing vaccine antigens, as well as strategies for designing safer, more effective, and potentially 'universal' antigens.

Assessment of a Structurally Modified Alternanthera Mosaic Plant Virus as a Delivery System for Sarcoma Cells.

The virions of plant viruses and their structurally modified particles (SP) represent valuable platforms for recombinant vaccine epitopes and antitumor agents. The possibility of modifying their surface with biological compounds makes them a tool for developing medical biotechnology applications. Here, we applied a new type of SP derived from virions and virus-like particles (VLP) of Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) and well-studied SP from Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

Influenza A Vaccine Candidates Based on Virus-like Particles Formed by Coat Proteins of Single-Stranded RNA Phages Beihai32 and PQ465.

Efficient control of influenza A infection can potentially be achieved through the development of broad-spectrum recombinant vaccines based on conserved antigens. The extracellular domain of the transmembrane protein M2 of influenza A virus (M2e) is highly conserved but poorly immunogenic and needs to be fused to an adjuvant protein or carrier virus-like particles (VLPs) to increase immunogenicity and provide protection against infection. In this study, we obtained VLPs based on capsid proteins (CPs) of single-stranded RNA phages Beihai32 and PQ465 bearing the M2e peptides.

Wuhan Sequence-Based Recombinant Antigens Expressed in Elicit Antibodies Capable of Binding with Omicron S-Protein.

The development of cross-reactive vaccines is one of the central aims of modern vaccinology. Continuous mutation and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants create the problem of universal coronavirus vaccine design. Previously, the authors devised three recombinant coronavirus antigens, which were based on the sequence collected in 2019 (the Wuhan variant) and produced in an bacterial expression system.

Corrigendum to "Influenza Virus Aerosols in the Air and Their Infectiousness".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/859090.].

Inactivated Flagellin-Containing Vaccine Efficacy against Ovine Enzootic Abortion.

is the etiological agent of abortion and fetal loss in sheep, goats and bovine cattle in many countries. Even though commercially available vaccines can reduce the incidence in sheep, the development of new, safe, and effective vaccines remains high on the agenda. In this study, an evaluation was made of the efficacy of a vaccine candidate, an inactivated antigen based on the extract of outer membrane proteins of a strain known as , in combination with recombinant flagellin as an adjuvant.

Protective Activity of Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Using Flagellin-Based Adjuvant.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease with high lethality. Most human deaths are associated with the bites received from dogs and cats. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing rabies disease in both animals and humans.

Novel Universal Recombinant Rotavirus A Vaccine Candidate: Evaluation of Immunological Properties.

Rotavirus infection is a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. Although rotavirus-associated mortality has decreased considerably because of the introduction of the worldwide rotavirus vaccination, the global burden of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis remains high. Current vaccines have a number of disadvantages; therefore, there is a need for innovative approaches in rotavirus vaccine development.

Plant Viruses as Adjuvants for Next-Generation Vaccines and Immunotherapy.

Vaccines are the cornerstone of infectious disease control and prevention. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has confirmed the urgent need for a new approach to the design of novel vaccines. Plant viruses and their derivatives are being used increasingly for the development of new medical and biotechnological applications, and this is reflected in a number of preclinical and clinical studies.

Effect of the Coat Protein N-Terminal Domain Structure on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Virions of Potato Virus X and Alternanthera Mosaic Virus.

The amino acid sequences of the coat proteins (CPs) of the potexviruses potato virus X (PVX) and alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) share ~40% identity. The N-terminal domains of these proteins differ in the amino acid sequence and the presence of the N-terminal fragment of 28 residues (ΔN peptide) in the PVX CP. Here, we determined the effect of the N-terminal domain on the structure and physicochemical properties of PVX and AltMV virions.

Charge-changing point mutations in the E protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Introduction of point mutations is one of the forces enabling arboviruses to rapidly adapt in a changing environment. The influence of these mutations on the properties of the virus is not always obvious. In this study, we attempted to clarify this influence using an in silico approach.

Recombinant Protein Vaccines against Human Betacoronaviruses: Strategies, Approaches and Progress.

Betacoronaviruses have already troubled humanity more than once. In 2002-2003 and 2012, the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively, caused outbreaks of respiratory syndromes with a fatal outcome. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has become a pandemic.

Isolation and Identification in Aborted Ovine Fetus in Mari El Republic of Russia.

Reproductive disorders, presumably caused by , are common among the ovine population of the Mari El Republic, Russia. infection was determined by serologic testing or isolation and detection of the organism by PCR and direct immunofluorescence in tissue samples. Rams, ewes, and lambs (10 individuals each) were randomly chosen for serological testing by the complement fixation test and 7 of 30 (23%) animals tested were positive.

Long-term humoral immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine against reindeer rabies.

The core element of the reindeer rabies eradication strategy is regular application of vaccines to obtain and uphold a vaccination coverage sufficient for the ceasing of rabies virus transmission. This article presents the results of reindeer humoral immunity intensity and duration study after the immunization with two form of inactivated rabies vaccines (adjuvanted liquid vaccine and non-adjuvanted lyophilized vaccine) based on the Shchelkovo-51 rabies virus strain. Efficiency of post-vaccine immunity was assessed by measuring the animal blood serum virus-neutralizing antibody level in a neutralization test.

Structurally Modified Plant Viruses and Bacteriophages with Helical Structure. Properties and Applications.

Structurally modified virus particles can be obtained from the rod-shaped or filamentous virions of plant viruses and bacteriophages by thermal or chemical treatment. They have recently attracted attention of the researchers as promising biogenic platforms for the development of new biotechnologies. This review presents data on preparation, structure, and properties of the structurally modified virus particles.

Designing Stable Antigens with a View to Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine Development.

Anthrax is a disease caused by that affects mammals, including humans. Recombinant protective antigen (rPA) is the most common basis for modern anthrax vaccine candidates. However, this protein is characterised by low stability due to proteolysis and deamidation.

Vaccine Candidate Against COVID-19 Based on Structurally Modified Plant Virus as an Adjuvant.

A recombinant vaccine candidate has been developed based on the major coronaviruses' antigen (S protein) fragments and a novel adjuvant-spherical particles (SPs) formed during tobacco mosaic virus thermal remodeling. The receptor-binding domain and the highly conserved antigenic fragments of the S2 protein subunit were chosen for the design of recombinant coronavirus antigens. The set of three antigens (Co1, CoF, and PE) was developed and used to create a vaccine candidate composed of antigens and SPs (SPs + 3AG).

Ankle-brachial index and ocular diseases in a Russian population.

Background: To assess potential associations between the ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABI) and ocular disorders.

Methods: In the population-based cross-sectional Russian Ural Eye and Medical Study including 5,899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible participants aged 40+ years, the participants underwent a series of ocular and medical examinations including measurement of ABI.

Effect of immature tick-borne encephalitis virus particles on antiviral activity of 5-aminoisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid adamantylmethyl esters.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the genus , is common in Europe and Asia and causes a severe disease of the central nervous system. A promising approach in the development of therapy for TBEV infection is the search for small molecule antivirals targeting the flavivirus envelope protein E, particularly its β--octyl-d-glucoside binding pocket (β-OG pocket). However, experimental studies of candidate antivirals may be complicated by varying amounts and different forms of the protein E in the virus samples.

Thermal remodelling of Alternanthera mosaic virus virions and virus-like particles into protein spherical particles.

The present work addresses the thermal remodelling of flexible plant viruses with a helical structure and virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, for the first time, the possibility of filamentous Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) virions' thermal transition into structurally modified spherical particles (SP) has been demonstrated. The work has established differences in formation conditions of SP from virions (SPV) and VLPs (SPVLP) that are in accordance with structural data (on AltMV virions and VLPs).

Novel antigen panel for modern broad-spectrum recombinant rotavirus A vaccine.

Purpose: Recombinant rotavirus A vaccines are being developed as an alternative to existing live oral attenuated vaccines. One of the main problems in the production of such vaccines is the genetic diversity of the strains that are in circulation. The goal of this study was to create an antigen panel for modern broad-spectrum recombinant rotavirus A vaccine.

Various Adjuvants Effect on Immunogenicity of Puumala Virus Vaccine.

Various adjuvant effects on the immunogenicity of the candidate inactivated Puumala virus vaccine were detected in BALB/c mice. Adjuvants under study were: aluminum hydroxide, spherical particles of Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein, B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of , and low endotoxic lipopolysaccharide of . Aluminum hydroxide (1 mg/ml) did not affect neutralizing antibodies' induction and vaccine stability during storage compared to immunization with the vaccine without adjuvant.

Two approaches for the stabilization of recombinant protective antigen.

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive spore-forming bacteria . There is a need for safe, highly effective, long-term storage vaccine formulations for mass vaccination. However, the development of new subunit vaccines based on recombinant protective antigen (rPA) faces the problem of vaccine antigen instability.

Plant virus particles with various shapes as potential adjuvants.

Plant viruses are biologically safe for mammals and can be successfully used as a carrier/platform to present foreign epitopes in the course of creating novel putative vaccines. However, there is mounting evidence that plant viruses, their virus-like and structurally modified particles may also have an immunopotentiating effect on antigens not bound with their surface covalently. Here, we present data on the adjuvant properties of plant viruses with various shapes (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV; Potato virus X, PVX; Cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; Bean mild mosaic virus, BMMV) and structurally modified TMV spherical particles (SPs).