A Sustainable Model for Emergency Medical Services in Developing Countries: A Novel Approach Using Partial Outsourcing and Machine Learning.

Introduction: Unlike Western countries, many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), like India, have a de-centralized emergency medical services (EMS) involving both semi-government and non-government organizations. It is alarming that due to the absence of a common ecosystem, the utilization of resources is inefficient, which leads to shortage of available vehicles and larger response time. Fragmentation of emergency supply chain resources motivates us to propose a new vehicle routing and scheduling model equipped with novel features to ensure minimal response time using existing resources.