Longitudinal structural changes in central serous chorioretinopathy: A multimodal imaging-based study.

Purpose: To analyse the longitudinal changes in imaging parameters in eyes with acute or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

Methods: This was a multicentric, retrospective, longitudinal, observational study in patients with a diagnosis of CSCR and having at least 4 years of follow-up. Trend in choroidal thickness (CT), area of double layer sign (DLS), area of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations, and area of hyper-autofluorescence were analysed.

Evaluation of Systemic Risk Factors in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus for Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy with Random Forest Classification Model.

Background: This study aims to assess systemic risk factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and predict diabetic retinopathy (DR) using a Random Forest (RF) classification model.

Methods: We included DM patients presenting to the retina clinic for first-time DR screening. Data on age, gender, diabetes type, treatment history, DM control status, family history, pregnancy history, and systemic comorbidities were collected.

Recommendations for initial diabetic retinopathy screening of diabetic patients using large language model-based artificial intelligence in real-life case scenarios.

Purpose: To study the role of artificial intelligence (AI) to identify key risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and develop recommendations based on clinician and large language model (LLM) based AI platform opinions for newly detected diabetes mellitus (DM) cases.

Methods: Five clinicians and three AI applications were given 20 AI-generated hypothetical case scenarios to assess DR screening timing. We calculated inter-rater agreements between clinicians, AI-platforms, and the "majority clinician response" (defined as the maximum number of identical responses provided by the clinicians) and "majority AI-platform" (defined as the maximum number of identical responses among the 3 distinct AI).

Fibrin-Glue-Assisted Surgery for Idiopathic Macular Holes.

Methods: This pilot clinical trial included 10 eyes of 10 patients with idiopathic MH, where PPV along with ILMP was done. Fibrin glue was used as a tamponade, and no postoperative positioning was given to any patient. The primary outcome measure was successful anatomical closure of the MH.

Baseline demographic, clinical and multimodal imaging features of young patients with type 2 macular telangiectasia.

Purpose: Macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 is observed in patients in their 5th-8th decades of life. The clinical and imaging findings in younger patients is unknown in larger cohorts. The study purpose is to report prevalence, baseline clinical and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) findings in young MacTel patients below 40 years.

Determinants for Anemic Retinopathy.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of fundus lesions in anaemics and define the hematological risk factors for retinopathy using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Methods: For this retrospective study, patients ≥18 years and diagnosed with anemia with dilated fundus examination by a retina specialist from May 2019-April 2020 were included. Anemic retinopathy (AR) was present if hemorrhages in different layers of the retina, Roth's spots, exudates, cotton wool spots, retinal edema, and optic disc changes were noted.

Is Type 2 Macular Telangiectasia a Bilateral and Symmetrical Disease Entity?

Purpose: To study the inter-eye asymmetry in cases diagnosed with type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Methods: Herein, type 2 MacTel cases were staged as per Gass and Blodi classification with multiple imaging techniques. Based on disease stage symmetry, two groups identified.

Multimodal Imaging Based Predictors for the Development of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

This study evaluated predictors for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on multimodal imaging. A retrospective multicenter chart review was conducted on 134 eyes of 132 consecutive patients with CSCR. Eyes were classified as per the multimodal imaging-based classification of CSCR at baseline into simple/complex CSCR and primary episode/recurrent/resolved CSCR.

Onion ring sign on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema: Its evolution and outcomes.

Purpose: To report evolution and outcomes of hyperreflective crystalline deposit (HCD) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diabetic maculopathy (DM).

Methods: Patients with DM showing HCD on OCT for the first time between June 2017 and May 2021 were included in the study. Demographic, ophthalmic and OCT features were documented and analysed.

Aberrant filling of the retinal vein on fluorescein angiography in branch and hemi-central retinal artery occlusion.

Objective: To study aberrant filling of the retinal vessels on fluorescein angiography (FA) images in patients with branch (BRAO) or hemi-central retinal artery occlusions (hemi-CRAO) and correlate with associated changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods: Cases of acute BRAO or hemi-CRAO having FA and OCT images at presentation between June 2017 to May 2022 were included. Comparisons were made between the cases with and without aberrant filling of the retinal vessel.

Tamoxifen retinopathy and macular telangiectasia: A comparative case series.

Purpose: To report a case series of tamoxifen retinopathy (TR) with and without type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel) and compare their clinical and imaging findings.

Methods: Retrospective comparative study. Female patients with tamoxifen use or with clinical diagnosis of type 2 MacTel were divided into 4 groups: Group A-tamoxifen use without retinopathy; Group B-tamoxifen use with retinopathy; Group C-type 2 MacTel with tamoxifen use and Group D-type 2 MacTel without tamoxifen use.

Choroidal Melanocytic Hamartoma.

We report on a case series that revealed flat, choroidal lesions on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and on enface MultiColor (MCI) imaging of the fundus but were not noticeable on clinical examination or conventional color fundus images. This observational study included 12 eyes from 11 patients who had distinct, orange-colored lesions on MCI. Retinal imaging was conducted using conventional color fundus photography and OCT.

Structural-vascular-functional correlation in type 2 non-proliferative macular telangiectasia.

Purpose: To correlate the structural-vascular-functional changes in type 2 non-proliferative macular telangiectasia (MacTel) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA).

Methods: In this retrospective study, OCTA and enface OCT image analysis of eyes with confirmed diagnosis of non-proliferative type 2 MacTel was performed. The 'MacTel area' was calculated by marking the outer boundary of an area affected by MacTel on superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) on OCTA images and photoreceptor layer (PRL) on enface OCT scan.

Retinal arcades in posterior microphthalmos: biometric correlation.

Clinical Relevance: Posterior microphthalmos (PM) is a rare developmental disorder characterised by high hyperopia, short axial length, presence of retinal papillomacular fold and relatively normal anterior segment findings.

Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the retinal arcade distance from fovea between PM cases and to correlate axial shortening in PM eyes with imaging findings.

Methods: This retrospective, comparative case series included 24 eyes of 12 patients with PM as cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls.

Retinal vessel wall imaging using fluorescein angiography and adaptive optics imaging in acute branch retinal artery occlusion.

Purpose: To report the retinal vessel wall changes in a patient with acute branch retinal artery occlusion with fundus fluorescein angiography and adaptive optics imaging.

Methods: Retrospective, observational case.

Case Description: A 49-year-old female with cardiac ailment complained of sudden onset superior field loss for 4 days in her right eye.

Choroidal changes in posterior microphthalmos.

Purpose: To describe the choroidal variations in posterior microphthalmos (PM).

Methods: In this observational case series, four eyes of two patients diagnosed as PM based on the characteristic clinical features were included. Multimodal retinal imaging with clinical fundus documentation using ultrawide field fundus camera, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) was done for these cases.

Choroidal and retinal thickness variations in ocular albinism.

Purpose: To study the retinal and choroidal thickness variations on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans in ocular albinism (OA) and compare with age-matched healthy subjects.

Methods: This retrospective observational study had 48 eyes of 24 patients diagnosed clinically as OA and age, sex, and axial length-matched control healthy subjects. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination and a single-line horizontal-raster enhanced depth imaging - optical coherence tomography scan (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering).

Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema in People With Early-Onset Diabetes.

This study examined the clinical profile, treatment profile, and vision outcomes of people ≤40 years of age with diabetes and diabetic macular edema (DME). Within this age-group, the prevalence of center-involving DME was 16%, with 74% of eyes showing cystoid edema, 37% showing spongiform edema, and 41% having neurosensory detachment. Longer diabetes duration ( = 0.

Peripheral and macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: A retrospective comparative case series.

Purpose: To compare clinical and imaging features and treatment outcomes between eyes having peripheral polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and macular PCV.

Methods: In this retrospective comparative case series, confirmed cases of peripheral and macular PCV cases on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were included. The various demographic features, imaging characteristics and clinical course between cases with peripheral and macular PCV were compared and analysed.

Characteristics of retinal pigment clumps in Type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Objective: To assess the relationship of retinal pigment clump (RPC) size and its location with visual acuity and retinal neovascularisation in eyes with type 2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, eyes diagnosed with type 2 MacTel showing RPC were included. Area occupied by pigment was measured on the multicolour image using the area tool on the Spectralis, Heidelberg machine.

Neovascular glaucoma following Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy: a rare complication in a postvitrectomised patient with diabetes.

To describe a case of acute-onset neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after a neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy in a diabetic vitrectomized eye of a patient with severe systemic and ocular comorbidities. A man in his 50s underwent a Nd:YAG capsulotomy for visually significant posterior capsular opacification with a previous history of vitrectomy with silicone oil in situ for diabetic retinopathy. He had systemic and ocular comorbidities implicating an advanced ischaemic status, both systemically and locally.

Sequential retinal pigment epithelium tears following intravitreal Ranibizumab injections for age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To report a case of sequential retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears following intravitreal Ranibizumab injections for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods: Retrospective, observational case.

Case Description: A 75-year-old hypertensive male was diagnosed with active neovascular AMD and pre-existing RPE tear in the left eye.