A case series on parathyroid carcinoma: Diagnostic challenges and therapeutic approaches.

Introduction: Parathyroid carcinoma is an exceptionally rare endocrine malignancy, constituting <1 % of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) cases. It presents with more severe hypercalcemia and higher PTH levels than benign parathyroid diseases, requiring increased clinical awareness for accurate identification and specialized management. The results of this case series may provide insight into the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, surgical management, and prognosis of parathyroid carcinoma, supplemented by a comprehensive review of current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Impact of frailty on complications and length of stay after minimally invasive adrenalectomy surgery.

Background: Adrenal disease requiring surgery incidence increases with age, and minimally invasive adrenalectomy procedures have improved the safety of adrenal surgery. This study evaluates the perioperative outcomes of elective adrenalectomies when performed in older patients and how frailty affects such outcomes.

Methods: Patients undergoing elective minimally invasive adrenalectomy were identified using the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Targeted File years 2005 to 2020.

Early observations with an ERAS pathway for thyroid and parathyroid surgery: Moving the goalposts forward.

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery pathways have become the standard of care in various surgical specialties. In this study, we discuss our initial experience with a staged enhanced recovery after surgery pathway in endocrine surgery and assess the impact of this pathway on select perioperative outcomes and unanticipated admissions.

Methods: We collected information regarding all thyroid/parathyroid surgeries performed by endocrine surgeons at our institution before and after the implementation of the multi-intervention enhanced recovery after surgery pathway.

Evolution of intra-operative parathyroid hormone and its application in parathyroid surgery.

The history and evolution of parathyroid hormone is a true testament to inter-disciplinary collaboration among anatomists, biochemists and surgeons. The parathyroid glands were the last endocrine glands to be discovered in the mid-1800s. Over the next century, progress in the evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism, the identification of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its application for use in the field of parathyroid surgery have led to a significant improvement in surgical cure rates, accompanied by a shift toward minimally invasive surgical options.

Parathyroid Cancer: A Review.

Parathyroid cancer is one of the rarest causes of primary hyperparathyroidism and tends to present with more severe symptoms than its more benign counterparts. This article details various aspects of the disease process, including epidemiology, clinical presentation, and a step-wise diagnostic process for parathyroid cancer. This includes laboratory assessments as well as a proposed staging system.

Diagnosis and Evaluation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder, resulting from the autonomous production of parathyroid hormone from 1 or more abnormal parathyroid glands. Disease presentation ranges from asymptomatic to multiorgan involvement (skeletal, renal, neurocognitive, and gastrointestinal). This article outlines the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic algorithm for PHPT.

Managing complications in endoscopic procedures: bleeding from a biopsy site.

Bleeding related to endoscopic biopsies is relatively uncommon and tends to be a self-limiting process. This article aims to identify those groups of patients that are at a higher risk at the time of the pre procedural evaluation, and to review the current guidelines regarding high risk patients (with special consideration for those who are anticoagulated). It also reviews current strategies for diagnosis, initial evaluation and management of a post procedural bleed.