Sculpting Success: The Importance of Diet and Physical Activity to Support Skeletal Muscle Health during Weight Loss with New Generation Anti-Obesity Medications.

Obesity is a public health crisis, with prevalence rates tripling over the past 60 y. Although lifestyle modifications, such as diet and physical activity, remain the first-line treatments, recent anti-obesity medications (AOMs) have been shown to achieve greater reductions in body weight and fat mass. However, AOMs also reduce fat-free mass, including skeletal muscle, which has been demonstrated to account for 20% to 50% of total weight loss.

On the pathogenesis of obesity: causal models and missing pieces of the puzzle.

Application of the physical laws of energy and mass conservation at the whole-body level is not necessarily informative about causal mechanisms of weight gain and the development of obesity. The energy balance model (EBM) and the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) are two plausible theories, among several others, attempting to explain why obesity develops within an overall common physiological framework of regulation of human energy metabolism. These models have been used to explain the pathogenesis of obesity in individuals as well as the dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity worldwide over the past half century.

E4orf1 improves adipose tissue-specific metabolic risk factors and indicators of cognition function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Obesity, impaired glycemic control, and hepatic steatosis often coexist and are risk factors for developing dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that a therapeutic agent that improves glycemic control and steatosis may attenuate obesity-associated progression of dementia. We previously identified that adenoviral protein E4orf1 improves glycemic control and reduces hepatic steatosis despite obesity in mice.

Greater protein quality of an egg breakfast may be inadequate to induce satiety during weight loss, compared with a cereal breakfast of equal protein quantity.

We compared the effects of consuming egg-breakfast of superior protein quality to cereal-breakfast of similar energy density and protein quantity, but lower protein quality. Two, two-week randomised crossover clinical trials included 30 otherwise healthy women with overweight or obesity. Subjects received counselling to follow a reduced-calorie diet.

E4orf1 Prevents Progression of Fatty Liver Disease in Mice on High Fat Diet.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a broad spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis to cirrhosis. There are limited data on prevention of hepatic steatosis or its progression to liver disease. Here, we tested if either transgenic (Tg) doxycycline-induced expression in adipose tissue of E4orf1 (E4), an adenoviral protein, or dietary fat restriction attenuated hepatic steatosis or its progression in mice.

E4orf1-induced reduction in endogenous insulin level is independent of pancreas endocrine function.

Background: Obesity is often associated with hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance. In mice models of hyperinsulinemia, adenovirus-derived E4orf1 protein promotes glucose disposal via insulin-independent pathway, and reduces insulin response to glucose load, described as its "Insulin Sparing Action". This is likely because less insulin is needed for disposing glucose in presence of E4orf1, however, there are other potential possibilities.

Egg and saturated fat containing breakfasts have no acute effect on acute glycemic control in healthy adults: a randomized partial crossover trial.

Background/objectives: High egg consumption is associated with poor glycemic control. Considering the widespread consumption of eggs, it is crucial to determine causality in this association. We tested if egg consumption acutely alters glucose disposal in the absence or presence of saturated fat, which is frequently consumed with eggs.

Key Causes and Contributors of Obesity: A Perspective.

Obesity is a disease with several potential causes and contributors. This article provides a focused overview of key known causes of obesity and factors that contribute to obesity. Obesity ultimately results from impaired energy storage mechanisms, such as dysregulation of hunger, satiety, digestion, fat storage, and metabolic rate.

Antidiabetic E4orf1 protein prevents hepatic steatosis and reduces markers of aging-related cellular damage in high fat fed older mice.

Introduction: Older age is associated with greater prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease. These metabolic conditions and aging are bidirectionally linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. Although effectively addressing these conditions is important for influencing the health and the lifespan, it is particularly challenging in older age.

The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors.

No association between consumption of eggs with energy or macronutrient intake: Objective evidence from the remote food photography method.

Background And Aims: Greater egg consumption is associated with poor glycemic control. However, greater egg intake could simply be a marker for other dietary indiscretions such as greater intake of energy or saturated fat, which may influence glycemic control. We examined the association between egg consumption and total energy intake and saturated fat intake, measured using the remote food photography method.

E4orf1, an Adeno-viral protein, attenuates renal lipid accumulation in high fat fed mice: A novel approach to reduce a key risk factor for chronic kidney disease.

Obesity and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In mice, diet induced obesity accelerates lipogenesis, lipid accumulation, and injury in kidneys. Expression of adenoviral protein, E4orf1, improves glucose clearance and reduces endogenous insulin secretion to glucose challenge in mice.

Adenovirus 36 infection and daycare starting age are associated with adiposity in children and adolescents.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate human adenovirus 36 (Adv36) as an associated factor for adiposity in children and adolescents aged 9-12 years.

Methods: This was a case-control study comparing overweight (cases) and eutrophic (controls) children and adolescents aged 9-12 years based on their body mass index in relation to human adenovirus 36 serology. Human adenovirus 36-specific neutralizing antibodies were assessed using the serum neutralization assay, and a questionnaire regarding the subjects' personal backgrounds, breastfeed history, age of starting daycare, and eating and exercise habits was also applied.

Reducing endogenous insulin is linked with protection against hepatic steatosis in mice.

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are closely associated with hepatic steatosis (HS), which if untreated can advance to serious liver conditions. Since insulin promotes hepatic lipogenesis, reducing hyperinsulinemia may help in treating HS. E4orf1 is an adenovirus-derived protein that improves glucose clearance independent of insulin, lowers insulin amount required for glucose disposal, and reduces HS.