Oronasal airway choice during running.

The choice of oronasal airway was studied in 984 subjects participating in a 10 km run. Subject's age and sex was obtained from entry forms, degree of mouth opening by videotaping the subjects' upper body as they approached the camera, and average running speed from elapsed time. The degree of mouth opening was evaluated independently by three observers.

Influence of exercise on body sway in the standing rifle shooting position.

Standing stability was measured in 16 male subjects during standing at rest, and aiming an air rifle at both rest and after an exercise bout simulating cross-country ski racing. Subjects consisted of a control group with no previous shooting experience, groups of rookie and established biathletes, and experienced position rifle shooters. Anteriposterior and lateral positions of the subject's centre of pressure were determined by a force platform, sampled at 30 Hz over a 60 second period.

Figure Skating: What Do We Know About It?

In brief: Despite its long history, there has been very little systematic study of figure skating. Successful skaters and coaches have passed on ideas, traditions, and opinions to their followers with the idea that what once produced good results must be the correct approach. Skaters are significantly shorter, lighter, and leaner than their sedentary counterparts and have a rather low percent body fat.

Oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow.

The oronasal distribution of respiratory airflow was determined during incrementally graded submaximal exercise in 30 (14 M, 16 F) healthy adult volunteers. Nasal airflow was measured by a pneumotachograph attached to a nasal mask. Oral airflow was determined as the difference between nasal airflow and total pulmonary airflow, the latter being measured by a head-out exercise body plethysmograph.

The switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing.

The switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing during incrementally graded submaximal exercise was determined in 30 (14 M, 16 F) healthy adult volunteers. Nasal airflow was measured by a pneumotachograph attached to a nasal mask. Oral airflow was determined as the difference between nasal airflow and total pulmonary airflow, the latter being measured by a head-out exercise body plethysmograph.

Computer-aided rhinometry. A research rhinometer for clinical trial.

The effects of several variables on work of nasal breathing and nasal resistance were investigated. Sampling of pressure and flow of nasal respiratory air was performed by posterior rhinometry every 20 msec with a microprocessor and standard respiratory laboratory equipment. This technique enables work of nasal breathing and mean nasal resistance to be determined on line.

A head-out exercise body plethysmograph.

A head-out exercise body plethysmograph has been developed to facilitate investigations of the extrathoracic airways. An airtight seal around the neck is provided by a pliable sheet of dental dam braced by a tubular bean bag. A set of bicycle pedals is connected by a chain drive, axle, and wall-mounted sealed ball bearing to an external ergometer.

Determinations of performance and mechanical efficiency in nordic skiing.

Determinants of performance and mechanical efficiency of effort have been made on a group of ten male nordic skiers, all participants in the University of Toronto ski-team. The oxygen intake at the maximum attainable speed of skiing on a level course averaged 89.6 percent of the maximum oxygen intake observed during uphill treadmill running; the latter (average 63.

Nasal aerodynamics.

The historical development of nasal aerodynamic measurement is discussed. Attention is drawn to the absence of a consensus on adequate rhinometric techniques and standards, which hampers the elevation of rhinometry to the universal clinical status of audiometric, impedance, or nystagmus measurement. A computer-aided technique is described which overcomes some problems of rhinometry, by measurement of the amount of energy the body devotes to moving respiratory air through each separate nasal cavity.

Work of nasal breathing: measurement of each nostril independently using a split mask.

The work of nasal breathing was determined in human subjects as a measure of impedance to respiratory airflow. The nasal cavities were examined separately and simultaneously with a split mask; flow and pressure signals were fed to a microprocessor for on-line computation and printout of respired volumes and work of nasal breathing. An alternating resistive nasal cycle of 3--4 hours' duration was demonstrated in the majority of normal, resting subjects.

Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. II. The cardiovascular system.

CO2 rebreathing measurements of cardiac output have been made in 8 men and 7 women aged 60--76 years, before and immediately after participation in an 11-week endurance training programme. Initial values showed a lower heart rate than in younger subjects at a given percentage of maximum oxygen intake. Stroke volume decreased slightly over the range of 40--80% of maximum oxygen intake.

Training and oxygen conductance in the elderly. I. The respiratory system.

Static lung volumes, closing volumes and pulmonary diffusing capacity have been measured in a group of 19 subjects (9 M, 10 F) 60 - 76 years old, all volunteers for an exercise training program (nominal 4 hours per week for 11 weeks). Initial static lung volumes were larger than in some previous series, perhaps because our sample was health-conscious and mainly nonsmokers. Training produced no significant changes in any of the pulmonary variables tested, despite a 10% increase of maximum oxygen intake seen in those members of the group who progressed to intensive training (heart rate 145 - 155/min).

Performance and efficiency of intercollegiate cross-country skiers.

Ten male intercollegiate cross-country skiers were studied to identify factors influencing competitive performance and to estimate the efficiency of energy expenditure in skiing. The variables examined were maximum oxygen intake, as determined by both uphill treadmill running and by maximal level skiing, physical characteristics, strength and experience in cross-country skiing and racing. Multiple regression analysis showed that racing experience, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage were significant factors in racing success.

Some reactions to a dry-land training programme for dinghy sailors.

A dry-land winter training programme for dinghy-sailors is described. Individual elements include circuit training, specific exercises for muscle strength and endurance, and distance running. Ten international-class sailors followed a progressive regimen of this type for 14 weeks after completion of the 1973 season.