Quantitative multianalyte microarray immunoassay utilizing upconverting phosphor technology.

A quantitative multianalyte immunoassay utilizing luminescent upconverting single-crystal nanoparticles as reporters on an antibody array-in-well platform was demonstrated. Upconverting nanoparticles are inorganic rare earth doped materials that have the unique feature of converting low energy infrared radiation into higher energy visible light. Autofluorescence, commonly limiting the sensitivity of fluorescence-based assays, can be completely eliminated with photon upconversion technology because the phenomenon does not occur in biological materials.

Independence of visual awareness from attention at early processing stages.

According to a widely accepted idea, only the results of attentional selection reach visual awareness. A competing model postulates that awareness is independent of attentional selection: contents of subjective visual experience may also exist without the contribution of attention. We tested these competing models by tracking the independent contributions of selective attention and awareness to electrophysiological brain responses.