Study on hydraulic spray atomizing system as a new resource-efficient dyeing-finishing method for wool fabric.

This study introduces hydraulic spray (HS) atomizing system as new resource-efficient continuous dyeing-finishing method for wool fabric. Here, wool fabric was dyed and finished by using commercial dyes and finishes through either one-step or two-steps HS method. Results obtained from color strength (K/S), color difference (ΔE) and color fastness analysis presented the apprehension of HS method in dyeing of wool fabric with different GSM and dyes.

Piezoresistive Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanocomposites.

An increasing interest is focused on the application of 3D printing for sensor manufacturing. Using 3D printing technology offers a new approach to the fabrication of sensors that are both geometrically and functionally complex. This work presents the analysis of the 3D-printed thermoplastic nanocomposites compress under the applied force.

Piezoelectric inkjet printing of tyrosinase (polyphenol oxidase) enzyme on atmospheric plasma treated polyamide fabric.

Tyrosinase enzyme was digitally printed on plasma pretreated polyamide-6,6 fabric using several sustainable technologies. Ink containing carboxymethyl cellulose was found to be the most suitable viscosity modifier for this enzyme. Before and after being deposited on the fabric surface, the printed inks retained enzyme activity of 69% and 60%, respectively, compared to activity prior printing process.

An overview on biocatalysts immobilization on textiles: Preparation, progress and application in wastewater treatment.

The immobilization of biocatalysts or other bioactive components often means their transformation from a soluble to an insoluble state by attaching them to a solid support material. Various types of fibrous textiles from both natural and synthetic sources have been studied as suitable support material for biocatalysts immobilization. Strength, inexpensiveness, high surface area, high porosity, pore size, availability in various forms, and simple preparation/functionalization techniques have made textiles a primary choice for various applications.

Glow-in-the-Dark Patterned PET Nonwoven Using Air-Atmospheric Plasma Treatment and Vitamin B2-Derivative (FMN).

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) derived from Vitamin B2, a bio-based fluorescent water-soluble molecule with visible yellow-green fluorescence, has been used in the scope of producing photoluminescent and glow-in-the-dark patterned polyester (PET) nonwoven panels. Since the FMN molecule cannot diffuse inside the PET fiber, screen printing, coating, and padding methods were used in an attempt to immobilize FMN molecules at the PET fiber surface of a nonwoven, using various biopolymers such as gelatin and sodium alginate as well as a water-based commercial polyacrylate. In parallel, air atmospheric plasma activation of PET nonwoven was carried for improved spreading and adhesion of FMN bearing biopolymer/polymer mixture.

Color-changing intensified light-emitting multifunctional textiles digital printing of biobased flavin.

Flavin mononucleotide (biobased flavin), widely known as FMN, possesses intrinsic fluorescence characteristics. This study presents a sustainable approach for fabricating color-changing intensified light-emitting textiles using the natural compound FMN digital printing technologies such as inkjet and chromojet. The FMN based ink formulation was prepared at 5 different concentrations using water and glycerol-based systems and printed on cotton duck white (CD), mercerized cotton (MC), and polyester (PET) textile woven samples.

Development of a multifunctional graphene/Fe-loaded polyester textile: robust electrical and catalytic properties.

A graphene/Fe loaded polyester fabric (PET) with robust electrical and catalytic properties has been successfully developed for the first time via a simple coating-incorporation method using hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer as the binder. Both graphene oxide (GO/rGO) and zerovalent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles were loaded on the polyester fabric surface before and after chemical grafting of PAMAM. Full characterization of fabrics before and after modifications has been performed by sessile droplet goniometry, ζ-potential, K/S coating evenness, SEM, XPS, FTIR, TGA and DSC analyses.

Effect of physical parameters and temperature on the piezo-electric jetting behaviour of UV-curable photochromic inks.

Although resource-efficient processes like inkjet printing have a large potential to foster the development of smart and functional textiles, one bottleneck still is the development of functional inks. To make inkjet printing and UV curing given production techniques for smart and functional specialty products, e.g.

Development of Flexible and Conductive Immiscible Thermoplastic/Elastomer Monofilament for Smart Textiles Applications Using 3D Printing.

3D printing utilized as a direct deposition of conductive polymeric materials onto textiles reveals to be an attractive technique in the development of functional textiles. However, the conductive fillers-filled thermoplastic polymers commonly used in the development of functional textiles through 3D printing technology and most specifically through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process-are not appropriate for textile applications as they are excessively brittle and fragile at room temperature. Indeed, a large amount of fillers is incorporated into the polymers to attain the percolation threshold increasing their viscosity and stiffness.

Statistical modeling and optimization of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of organic pollutant using fibrous catalysts: a full factorial design.

This work focuses on the optimization of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of organic pollutant (dye) from water using newly developed fibrous catalysts based on a full factorial experimental design. This study aims to approximate the feasibility of heterogeneous Fenton-like removal process and optionally make predictions from this approximation in a form of statistical modeling. The fibrous catalysts were prepared by dispersing zerovalent iron nanoparticles on polyester fabrics (PET) before and after incorporation of either polyamidoamine (PAMAM, -NH) dendrimer, 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, -Si-NH) or thioglycerol (SH).

Supercritical carbon dioxide application using hydantoin acrylamide for biocidal functionalization of polyester.

Biocidal functionalization in polyester fibers is a really tough challenge because of the lack of tethering groups. This study indicated supercritical carbon dioxide application using -halamine would be an alternative solution for obtaining antibacterial function on the polyester surface. Firstly, -(2-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4 yl)propan-2 yl)acrylamide was synthesized and applied to the polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide medium, at 120 °C, 30 MPa for different processing times.

Study of the Wear Resistance of Conductive Poly Lactic Acid Monofilament 3D Printed onto Polyethylene Terephthalate Woven Materials.

Wear resistance of conductive Poly Lactic Acid monofilament 3D printed onto textiles, through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process and their electrical conductivity after abrasion are important to consider in the development of smart textiles with preserved mechanical and electrical properties. The study aims at investigating the weight loss after abrasion and end point of such materials, understanding the influence of the textile properties and 3D printing process parameters and studying the impact of the abrasion process on the electrical conductivity property of the 3D printed conductive polymers onto textiles. The effects of the 3D printing process and the printing parameters on the structural properties of textiles, such as the thickness of the conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and the average pore sizes of its surface are also investigated.

Toward Bioluminescent Materials by Plasma Treatment of Microfibrous Nonwovens, Followed by Immobilization of One or Both Enzyme(s) (Luciferase and FMN Reductase) Involved in Luminescent Bacteria.

Bioluminescent living organisms emit light through a specific biocatalyzed reaction involving a luciferin substrate and a luciferase enzyme. The present work investigated the possibility of creating optimal luminescence by immobilization of one or both the enzymes Luciferase (Luc) and FMN reductase (Red) involved in a bioluminescent bacterial system onto a plasma-activated microfibrous PET nonwoven. Parameters affecting the catalytic activity and efficiency of the bacterial system in aqueous medium were determined by luminescence intensity measurements using a luminometer.

Modification of fibrous membrane for organic and pathogenic contaminants removal: from design to application.

In this study, a flexible multifunctional fibrous membrane for heterogeneous Fenton-like removal of organic and pathogenic contaminants from wastewater was developed by immobilizing zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) on an amine/thiol grafted polyester membrane. Full characterization of the resulting polyester membranes allowed validation of successful grafting of amine/thiol (NH or SH) functional groups and immobilization of Fe-NPs (50-150 nm). The Fenton-like functionality of iron immobilized fibrous membranes (PET-Fe, PET-Si-NH-Fe, PET-NH-Fe, and PET-SH-Fe) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (HO) was comparatively studied in the removal of crystal violet dye (50 mg L).

Effects of ink characteristics and piezo-electric inkjetting parameters on lysozyme activity.

Inkjet printing of enzymes can facilitate many novel applications where a small amount of materials need to be deposited in a precise and flexible manner. However, maintaining the satisfactory activity of inkjet printed enzyme is a challenging task due to the requirements of ink rheology and printhead parameters. Thus to find optimum inkjetting conditions we studied the effects of several ink formulation and jetting parameters on lysozyme activity using a piezoelectric printhead.

Surface modification of polyester fabric using plasma-dendrimer for robust immobilization of glucose oxidase enzyme.

Robust immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme was achieved on poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwoven fabric (PN) after integration of favourable surface functional groups through plasma treatments [atmospheric pressure-AP or cold remote plasma-CRP (N + O)] and/or chemical grafting of hyperbranched dendrimers [poly-(ethylene glycol)-OH or poly-(amidoamine)]. Absorption, stability, catalytic behavior of immobilized enzymes and reusability of resultant fibrous bio-catalysts were comparatively studied. Full characterization of PN before and after respective modifications was carried out by various analytical, instrumental and arithmetic techniques.

Characterisation of Electrical and Stiffness Properties of Conductive Textile Coatings with Metal Flake-Shaped Fillers.

Two conductive formulations containing different types of micron-sized metal flakes (silver-coated copper (Cu) and pure silver (Ag)) were characterised and used to form highly electrically conductive coatings (conductors) on plain and base-coated woven fabrics, the latter in an encapsulated construction. With e-textiles as the intended application, the fabric stiffness, in terms of flexural stiffness and sheet resistance (R), after durability testing (laundering and abrasion) was investigated and related to user friendliness and long-term performance. Bare and encapsulated conductors with increasing amounts of deposited solids were fabricated by adjusting the knife coating parameters, such as the coating gap height (5, 20, 50, and 200 μm), which reduced the R, as determined by four-point probe (4PP) measurements; however, this improvement was at the expense of increased flexural stiffness of the coated fabrics.

Stress, strain and deformation of poly-lactic acid filament deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate woven fabric through 3D printing process.

Although direct deposition of polymeric materials onto textiles through 3D printing is a great technique used more and more to develop smart textiles, one of the main challenges is to demonstrate equal or better mechanical resistance, durability and comfort than those of the textile substrates before deposition process. This article focuses on studying the impact of the textile properties and printing platform temperature on the tensile and deformations of non-conductive and conductive poly lactic acid (PLA) filaments deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textiles through 3D printing process and optimizing them using theoretical and statistical models. The results demonstrate that the deposition process affects the tensile properties of the printed textile in comparison with the ones of the textiles.

Electrode placement in electrocardiography smart garments: A review.

Wearable Electrocardiography (ECG) sensing textiles have been widely used due to their high flexibility, comfort, reusability and the possibility to be used for home-based and real-time measurements. Textile electrodes are dry and non-adhesive, therefor unlike conventional gel electrodes, they don't cause skin irritation and are more user-friendly especially for long-term and continuous monitoring outside the hospital. However, the challenge with textile electrodes is that the quality and reliability of recorded ECG signals by smart garments are more sensitive to different factors such as electrode placement, skin humidity, user activities and contact pressure.

Study of photoluminescence property on cellulosic fabric using multifunctional biomaterials riboflavin and its derivative Flavin mononucleotide.

Flavins are ubiquitous in nature and participate in various biochemical reactions mainly in the form of coenzyme Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or as precursor such as Riboflavin (RF). Both flavins, RF and FMN are multifunctional bio-based molecules yielding yellow coloration and exhibit photoluminescence, UV protection, and redox properties. The aim of the present research study was to investigate the diffusion method as a technique to obtain photoluminescent cellulosic fabric using multifunctional RF and FMN.

Iron-loaded amine/thiol functionalized polyester fibers with high catalytic activities: a comparative study.

Dispersion of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) was achieved on polyester fabrics (PET) before and after the incorporation of dendrimers (PAMAM), 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) or thioglycerol (SH). The catalytic activity of the resulting materials (PET-Fe, PET-PAMAM-Fe, PET-APTES-Fe and PET-SH-FE) was comparatively investigated in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene-blue (MB). Full characterization through diverse instrumental methods allowed correlating the type of the organic moiety incorporated with the Fe content, catalytic properties and stability.

Low-Stress Mechanical Property Study of Various Functional Fabrics for Tactile Property Evaluation.

Functional finishing brings an alteration on the mechanical and surface properties of textile materials and henceforth influences the tactile properties. In this work, Kawabata evaluation systems (KES) for fabrics were utilized to notice the changes in the tactile properties of fabrics resulting from different finishing types such as inkjet printing, screen printing, and coating. The effects of functional finishing on the fabric's tactile property were inconsistent with reference to the course of decrease or increase being dependent on the types of finishes.

Inkjet printing and UV-LED curing of photochromic dyes for functional and smart textile applications.

Health concerns as a result of harmful UV-rays drive the development of UV-sensors of different kinds. In this research, a UV-responsive smart textile is produced by inkjet printing and UV-LED curing of a specifically designed photochromic ink on PET fabric. This paper focuses on tuning and characterizing the colour performance of a photochromic dye embedded in a UV-curable ink resin.

Enzymatic surface modification and functionalization of PET: a water contact angle, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes induced by a lypolytic enzyme on the surface properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Changes in surface hydrophilicity were monitored by means of water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (ATR) was used to investigate the structural and conformational changes of the ethylene glycol and benzene moieties of PET.