A European aerosol phenomenology - 9: Light absorption properties of carbonaceous aerosol particles across surface Europe.

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA), composed of black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM), significantly impact the climate. Light absorption properties of CA, particularly of BC and brown carbon (BrC), are crucial due to their contribution to global and regional warming. We present the absorption properties of BC (b) and BrC (b) inferred using Aethalometer data from 44 European sites covering different environments (traffic (TR), urban (UB), suburban (SUB), regional background (RB) and mountain (M)).

Public acceptance of microbiome management strategy in dairy calves: a European survey on colostrum, probiotic provision and prolonged cow-calf contact.

The microbiome plays a crucial role in the calves' early stages of life. Several management practices can be considered to enhance the development and composition of the microbiome in calves. However, their social acceptance is largely unknown.

Empowering Veterinary Herd Health Management: Insights into Education, Implementation, and Regulation Across Europe.

In recent years, integrated veterinary herd health management (VHHM), improving animal health, welfare, food safety, public health, farm management, and economics, has become ever-more important in the European Union due to structural and regulatory advancements. A mixed-methods study analyzed the current state and gaps in VHHM education and training across Europe. Data from 41 European veterinary institutions showed that 83% ( = 34/41) offered VHHM education, either as standalone courses and/or integrated into other subjects.

Source apportionment of ultrafine particles in urban Europe.

There is a body of evidence that ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm) might have significant impacts on health. Accordingly, identifying sources of UFP is essential to develop abatement policies. This study focuses on urban Europe, and aims at identifying sources and quantifying their contributions to particle number size distribution (PNSD) using receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF), and evaluating long-term trends of these source contributions using the non-parametric Theil-Sen's method.

CXCR2 mediated trafficking of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps are required for myelin clearance after a peripheral nerve injury.

Neutrophils are a vital part of the innate immune system. Many of their functions eliminate bacteria & viruses, like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which trap bacteria, enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. It was surprising when it was demonstrated that neutrophils are a part of Wallerian degeneration, a process that is essential for nerve regeneration after a nerve injury.

Neither injury induced macrophages within the nerve, nor the environment created by Wallerian degeneration is necessary for enhanced in vivo axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury.

Background: Since the 1990s, evidence has accumulated that macrophages promote peripheral nerve regeneration and are required for enhancing regeneration in the conditioning lesion (CL) response. After a sciatic nerve injury, macrophages accumulate in the injury site, the nerve distal to that site, and the axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). In the peripheral nervous system, as in other tissues, the macrophage response is derived from both resident macrophages and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs).

Assessing the Cost of Nutritionally Adequate and Low-Climate Impact Diets in Finland.

Background: Dietary changes form an important component of the sustainability transition of food systems but could be hindered by the cost of sustainable diets.

Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the cost of nutritionally adequate and culturally acceptable diets with low-greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) in Finland.

Methods: Two optimization models were built to find diets complying with nutritional and emissions requirements.

Exploring dendritic cell subtypes in cancer immunotherapy: unraveling the role of mature regulatory dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) possess a specialized function in presenting antigens and play pivotal roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Their ability to cross-present antigens from tumor cells to naïve T cells is instrumental in generating specific T-cell-mediated antitumor responses, crucial for controlling tumor growth and preventing tumor cell dissemination. However, within a tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), the functions of DCs can be significantly compromised.

Challenges of COVID-19 Case Forecasting in the US, 2020-2021.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, forecasting COVID-19 trends to support planning and response was a priority for scientists and decision makers alike. In the United States, COVID-19 forecasting was coordinated by a large group of universities, companies, and government entities led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub (https://covid19forecasthub.org).

Diverse Combinatorial Biosynthesis Strategies for C-H Functionalization of Anthracyclinones.

spp. are "nature's antibiotic factories" that produce valuable bioactive metabolites, such as the cytotoxic anthracycline polyketides. While the anthracyclines have hundreds of natural and chemically synthesized analogues, much of the chemical diversity stems from enzymatic modifications to the saccharide chains and, to a lesser extent, from alterations to the core scaffold.

Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe.

Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5-11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations.

The exposure to UV filters: Prevalence, effects, possible molecular mechanisms of action and interactions within mixtures.

Substances that can absorb sunlight and harmful UV radiation such as organic UV filters are widely used in cosmetics and other personal care products. Since humans use a wide variety of chemicals for multiple purposes it is common for UV filters to co-occur with other substances either in human originating specimens or in the environment. There is increasing interest in understanding such co-occurrence in form of potential synergy, antagonist, or additive effects of biological systems.

Constructing transferable and interpretable machine learning models for black carbon concentrations.

Black carbon (BC) has received increasing attention from researchers due to its adverse health effects. However, in-situ BC measurements are often not included as a regulated variable in air quality monitoring networks. Machine learning (ML) models have been studied extensively to serve as virtual sensors to complement the reference instruments.

Evaluation of FluSight influenza forecasting in the 2021-22 and 2022-23 seasons with a new target laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations.

Accurate forecasts can enable more effective public health responses during seasonal influenza epidemics. Forecasting teams were asked to provide national and jurisdiction-specific probabilistic predictions of weekly confirmed influenza hospital admissions for one through four weeks ahead for the 2021-22 and 2022-23 influenza seasons. Across both seasons, 26 teams submitted forecasts, with the submitting teams varying between seasons.

Measuring dairy cow welfare with real-time sensor-based data and farm records: a concept study.

Welfare assessment of dairy cows by in-person farm visits provides only a snapshot of welfare and is time-consuming and costly. Possible solutions to reduce the need for in-person assessments would be to exploit sensor data and other routinely collected on-farm records. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm to classify dairy cow welfare based on sensors (accelerometer and/or milk meter) and farm records (e.

Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSA) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM dose-response.

Recent studies indicate that monitoring only fine particulate matter (PM) may not be enough to understand and tackle the health risk caused by particulate pollution. Health effects per unit PM seem to increase in countries with low PM, but also near local pollution sources (e.g.

Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe.

This study aims to picture the phenomenology of urban ambient total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) (including head/throat (HA), tracheobronchial (TB), and alveolar (ALV) regions) based on multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model during 2017-2019 period collected from urban background (UB, n = 15), traffic (TR, n = 6), suburban background (SUB, n = 4), and regional background (RB, n = 1) monitoring sites in Europe (25) and USA (1). Briefly, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the deposition of LDSA, including diel, weekly, and seasonal patterns, were analyzed. Then, the relationship between LDSA and other air quality metrics at each monitoring site was investigated.

Sub-23 nm Particles Dominate Non-Volatile Particle Number Emissions of Road Traffic.

Ultrafine particles (<100 nm) in urban air are a serious health hazard not yet fully understood. Therefore, particle number concentration monitoring was recently included in the WHO air quality guidelines. At present, e.

Subsensory stochastic electrical stimulation targeting muscle afferents alters gait control during locomotor adaptations to haptic perturbations.

Subsensory noise stimulation targeting sensory receptors has been shown to improve balance control in healthy and impaired individuals. However, the potential for application of this technique in other contexts is still unknown. Gait control and adaptation rely heavily on the input from proprioceptive organs in the muscles and joints.