Higher recipient pre-transplant FOXP3 mRNA expression is associated with acute leukaemia relapse after HSCT.

The effect of higher FOXP3 mRNA expression by recipient pre-transplant CD4+ T cells on leukaemia relapse was analysed in a series of 106 patients who received allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning with or without antithymocyte globulin (ATG) due to acute leukaemia in 1st or 2nd complete remission. FOXP3 mRNA was measured by qPCR in purified CD4+ T cells from blood obtained before conditioning. Higher FOXP3 mRNA expression was associated with an increased relapse risk when conditioning included ATG ( = 43, hazard ratio [HR] 11.

High preharvest donor Foxp3 mRNA level predicts late relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Objectives: The curative effect of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute leukaemia is due in part to the donor T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukaemia immune reaction (GvL). Several studies have suggested that donor CD25+CD4+Foxp3+regulator T cells (Tregs) may decrease graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) without abrogating GVL. This notion may need modification in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).

The Use of Time to Pregnancy for Estimating and Monitoring Human Fecundity From Demographic and Health Surveys.

Background: Available studies on the prevalence of infertility have proved to have certain limitations, with a scarcity of population-based studies and inconsistent reporting from surveys in countries at all income levels. We wanted to test the applicability of the current duration approach to data from the important Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program, funded by USAID since its inception in 1985, https://dhsprogram.com/.

Prevalent cohort studies and unobserved heterogeneity.

Consider lifetimes originating at a series of calendar times [Formula: see text]. At a certain time [Formula: see text] a cross-sectional sample is taken, generating a sample of current durations (backward recurrence times) of survivors until [Formula: see text] and a prevalent cohort study consisting of survival times left-truncated at the current durations. A Lexis diagram is helpful in visualizing this situation.

Relation Between Infant Microbiota and Autism?: Results from a National Cohort Sibling Design Study.

Background: Hypotheses concerning adverse effects of changes in microbiota have received much recent attention, but unobserved confounding makes them difficult to test. We investigated whether surrogate markers for potential adverse microbiota change in infancy affected autism risk, addressing unobserved confounding using a sibling study design.

Methods: This is a population-based, prospective cohort study including all singleton live births in Denmark from 1997 to 2010.

A Systematic Comparison of Designs to Study Human Fecundity.

Background: Several epidemiologic designs allow studying fecundability, the monthly probability of pregnancy occurrence in noncontracepting couples in the general population. These designs may, to varying extents, suffer from attenuation bias and other biases. We aimed to compare the main designs: incident and prevalent cohorts, pregnancy-based, and current duration approaches.

Investigating the effects of cesarean delivery and antibiotic use in early childhood on risk of later attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Increasing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) incidence has been proposed to be caused by factors influencing microbiota in early life. We investigated the potential causality between ADHD and two surrogate markers for changes in children's microbiota: birth delivery mode and early childhood antibiotic use.

Method: This population-based, prospective cohort study linked nationwide registers of data for native Danish singleton live births in Denmark from 1997 to 2010.

[The role of the Food and Drug Administration as times change].

The prestigious journal Biostatistics published in July 2017 six solicited commentaries on the role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as times change, with ever developing technical tools for clinical trials and their evaluation, with increased focus on personalised medicine (possibly aided by genetic testing), and on patient self-determination.

Risk of Stroke With Various Types of Menopausal Hormone Therapies: A National Cohort Study.

Background And Purpose: Double-blind randomized studies on the effects of oral postmenopausal hormone therapies were stopped mainly because of increased risk of stroke. We aimed to assess the risk of all strokes and various subtypes associated with hormone therapy and explore the influence of regimens and routes of administration.

Methods: A national historical cohort of women aged 51 to 70 years from 1995 to 2010 was established by linking 5 Danish registries.

A Simulation Platform for Quantifying Survival Bias: An Application to Research on Determinants of Cognitive Decline.

Bias due to selective mortality is a potential concern in many studies and is especially relevant in cognitive aging research because cognitive impairment strongly predicts subsequent mortality. Biased estimation of the effect of an exposure on rate of cognitive decline can occur when mortality is a common effect of exposure and an unmeasured determinant of cognitive decline and in similar settings. This potential is often represented as collider-stratification bias in directed acyclic graphs, but it is difficult to anticipate the magnitude of bias.

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment and Subsequent Childhood Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study.

Background: Studies link antibiotic treatment and delivery by cesarean section with increased risk of chronic diseases through changes of the gut-microbiota. We aimed to evaluate the association of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment during the first two years of life with subsequent onset of childhood type 1 diabetes and the potential effect-modification by mode of delivery.

Materials And Methods: A Danish nationwide cohort study including all singletons born during 1997-2010.

Prelabor Cesarean Section and Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study.

Background: Unfavorable conditions associated with cesarean section may influence the risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring, but results from studies are conflicting. We aimed to evaluate the association between prelabor cesarean section and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes.

Methods: A Danish nationwide cohort study followed all singletons born during 1982-2010.

The influence of hormone therapies on colon and rectal cancer.

Exogenous sex hormones seem to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Little is known about the influence of different types or durations of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) on colorectal cancer risk. A nationwide cohort of women 50-79 years old without previous cancer (n = 1,006,219) were followed 1995-2009.

The influence of hormone therapies on type I and II endometrial cancer: A nationwide cohort study.

The influence of hormone therapy (HT) on risk for endometrial cancer is still casting which type of HT the clinicians recommend. It is unrevealed if HT has a differential influence on Type I versus Type II endometrial tumors, and little is known about the influence of, e.g.

The current duration design for estimating the time to pregnancy distribution: a nonparametric Bayesian perspective.

This paper was inspired by the studies of Niels Keiding and co-authors on estimating the waiting time-to-pregnancy (TTP) distribution, and in particular on using the current duration design in that context. In this design, a cross-sectional sample of women is collected from those who are currently attempting to become pregnant, and then by recording from each the time she has been attempting. Our aim here is to study the identifiability and the estimation of the waiting time distribution on the basis of current duration data.

Risk of breast cancer in relation to combined effects of hormone therapy, body mass index, and alcohol use, by hormone-receptor status.

Background: Alcohol consumption, increased body mass index (BMI), and hormone therapy are risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer, but their combined effects are not well understood. Because hormone therapy is effective for the relief of menopausal symptoms, the identification of "high-risk" users is important for therapeutic reasons. We investigated interactions between hormone therapy use and alcohol-use/high BMI status in relation to invasive breast cancer risk, both overall and according to estrogen receptor (ER) status.

Cohort profile: the Social Inequality in Cancer (SIC) cohort study.

The Social Inequality in Cancer (SIC) cohort study was established to determine pathways through which socioeconomic position affects morbidity and mortality, in particular common subtypes of cancer. Data from seven well-established cohort studies from Denmark were pooled. Combining these cohorts provided a unique opportunity to generate a large study population with long follow-up and sufficient statistical power to develop and apply new methods for quantification of the two basic mechanisms underlying social inequalities in cancer-mediation and interaction.