We examined the presence/absence and parcellation of cholinergic neurons in the hypothalami of five birds: a Congo grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), a Timneh grey parrot (P. timneh), a pied crow (Corvus albus), a common ostrich (Struthio camelus), and an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Using immunohistochemistry to an antibody raised against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, hypothalamic cholinergic neurons were observed in six distinct clusters in the medial, lateral, and ventral hypothalamus in the parrots and crow, similar to prior observations made in the pigeon.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFindings in marine mammals and birds provide opportunities to explore sleep's functions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMammalian sleep has been implicated in maintaining a healthy extracellular environment in the brain. During wakefulness, neuronal activity leads to the accumulation of toxic proteins, which the glymphatic system is thought to clear by flushing cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) through the brain. In mice, this process occurs during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep serves many important functions. And yet, emerging studies over the last decade indicate that some species routinely sleep little, or can temporarily restrict their sleep to low levels, seemingly without cost. Taken together, these systems challenge the prevalent view of sleep as an essential state on which waking performance depends.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Neurosci
February 2024
Besides regulating the amount of light that reaches the retina, fluctuations in pupil size also occur in isoluminant conditions during accommodation, during movement and in relation to cognitive workload, attention and emotion. Recent studies in mammals and birds revealed that the pupils are also highly dynamic in the dark during sleep. However, despite exhibiting similar sleep states (rapid eye movement [REM] and non-REM [NREM] sleep), wake and sleep state-dependent changes in pupil size are opposite between mammals and birds, due in part to differences in the type (striated vs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStorms can cause widespread seabird stranding and wrecking, yet little is known about the maximum wind speeds that birds are able to tolerate or the conditions they avoid. We analyzed >300,000 h of tracking data from 18 seabird species, including flapping and soaring fliers, to assess how flight morphology affects wind selectivity, both at fine scales (hourly movement steps) and across the breeding season. We found no general preference or avoidance of particular wind speeds within foraging tracks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe evolutionary origins of sleep and its sub-states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, found in mammals and birds, remain a mystery. Although the discovery of a single type of sleep in jellyfish suggests that sleep evolved much earlier than previously thought, it is unclear when and why sleep diversified into multiple types of sleep. Intriguingly, multiple types of sleep have recently been found in animals ranging from non-avian reptiles to arthropods to cephalopods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRecent technological advancements allow researchers to measure electrophysiological parameters of animals, such as sleep, in remote locations by using miniature dataloggers. Yet, continuous recording of sleep might be constrained by the memory and battery capacity of the recording devices. These limitations can be alleviated by recording intermittently instead of continuously, distributing the limited recording capacity over a longer period.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMammalian pupils respond to light and dilate with arousal, attention, cognitive workload, and emotions, thus reflecting the state of the brain. Pupil size also varies during sleep, constricting during deep non-REM sleep and dilating slightly during REM sleep. Anecdotal reports suggest that, unlike mammals, birds constrict their pupils during aroused states, such as courtship and aggression, raising the possibility that pupillary behavior also differs between mammals and birds during sleep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLittle is known about how songbirds modulate sleep during migratory periods. Due to the alternation of nocturnal endurance flights and diurnal refueling stopovers, sleep is likely to be a major constraint for many migratory passerine species. Sleep may help to increase the endogenous antioxidant capacity that counteracts free radicals produced during endurance flight and reduces energy expenditure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIn modern society the night sky is lit up not only by the moon but also by artificial light devices. Both of these light sources can have a major impact on wildlife physiology and behaviour. For example, a number of bird species were found to sleep several hours less under full moon compared to new moon and a similar sleep-suppressing effect has been reported for artificial light at night (ALAN).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep is a behavioral and physiological state that is thought to serve important functions. Many animals go through phases in the annual cycle where sleep time might be limited, for example, during the migration and breeding phases. This leads to the question whether there are seasonal changes in sleep homeostasis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical state of wake-like brain activity occurring after non-REM (NREM) sleep in mammals and birds. In mammals, brain cooling during NREM sleep is followed by warming during REM sleep, potentially preparing the brain to perform adaptively upon awakening. If brain warming is the primary function of REM sleep, then it should occur in other animals with similar states.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep is considered to be of crucial importance for performance and health, yet much of what we know about sleep is based on studies in a few mammalian model species under strictly controlled laboratory conditions. Data on sleep in different species under more natural conditions may yield new insights in the regulation and functions of sleep. We therefore performed a study with miniature electroencephalogram (EEG) data loggers in starlings under semi-natural conditions, group housed in a large outdoor enclosure with natural temperature and light.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep is a universal and complex state and it is widely agreed that this state is present in every animal species. However, the evolutionary origins of sleep remain ignored or misunderstood, which has led researchers to study, in various species, this common behaviour of all living organisms. Sleep is commonly studied at various levels under laboratory conditions, using tethered devices which record electroencephalographic or electromyographic readings.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSleep-related brain activity occurring during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep is proposed to play a role in processing information acquired during wakefulness. During mammalian NREM sleep, the transfer of information from the hippocampus to the neocortex is thought to be mediated by neocortical slow-waves and their interaction with thalamocortical spindles and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs). In birds, brain regions composed of pallial neurons homologous to neocortical (pallial) neurons also generate slow-waves during NREM sleep, but little is known about sleep-related activity in the hippocampus and its possible relationship to activity in other pallial regions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFor many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have' rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived from the expression of REM sleep in the adults of a small number of mammalian species. Here, we argue for a different approach that focuses less on a binary decision about haves and have nots, and more on the diverse expression of REM sleep components over development and across species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMost of our knowledge about the regulation and function of sleep is based on studies in a restricted number of mammalian species, particularly nocturnal rodents. Hence, there is still much to learn from comparative studies in other species. Birds are interesting because they appear to share key aspects of sleep with mammals, including the presence of two different forms of sleep, i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEach spring and fall, millions of normally diurnal birds switch to migrating at night. Most of these are small songbirds (passerine) migrating long distances that need to alternate their migratory flights with refueling stopovers [1, 2], which can account for up to 80% of the total migratory period [3]. After a long nocturnal flight, these birds face the contrasting needs to recover sleep and refill depleted energy stores, all while vulnerable to predation [4, 5].
View Article and Find Full Text PDFREM sleep is a paradoxical state accompanied by suspended thermoregulation that is preferentially expressed under optimal ambient temperatures. Komagata and colleagues now demonstrate that activity in hypothalamic melanin concentrating hormone neurons is essential for the temperature-dependent modulation of REM sleep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBirds exhibit two types of sleep that are in many respects similar to mammalian rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. As in mammals, several aspects of avian sleep can occur in a local manner within the brain. Electrophysiological evidence of NREM sleep occurring more deeply in one hemisphere, or only in one hemisphere - the latter being a phenomenon most pronounced in dolphins - was actually first described in birds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPropagating slow-waves in electroencephalogram (EEG) or local field potential (LFP) recordings occur during non-rapid eye-movement (NREM) sleep in both mammals and birds. Moreover, in both, input from the thalamus is thought to contribute to the genesis of NREM sleep slow-waves. Interestingly, the general features of slow-waves are also found under isoflurane anesthesia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFManual scoring of polysomnography data is labor-intensive and time-consuming, and most existing software does not account for subjective differences and user variability. Therefore, we evaluated a supervised machine learning algorithm, Somnivore, for automated wake-sleep stage classification. We designed an algorithm that extracts features from various input channels, following a brief session of manual scoring, and provides automated wake-sleep stage classification for each recording.
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