Protection plans of lake waters are based on ecological and/or chemical targets, often simplified in terms of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, customarily the depth-averaged ones at spring mixing for temperate environments. These target lake TP concentrations are then commonly employed to determine target external loading through reverse use of Vollenweider-OECD-type steady-state empirical models. Such models are also adopted in their direct form to estimate lake TP concentrations following hypothetical external load reductions.
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