Cognitive rehabilitation effects on grey matter volume and Go-NoGo activity in progressive multiple sclerosis: results from the CogEx trial.

Background: Research on cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and aerobic exercise (EX) to improve cognition in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) remains limited. CogEx trial investigated the effectiveness of CR and EX in PMS: here, we present MRI substudy volumetric and task-related functional MRI (fMRI) findings.

Methods: Participants were randomised to: 'CR plus EX', 'CR plus sham EX (EX-S)', 'EX plus sham CR (CR-S)' and 'CR-S plus EX-S' and attended 12-week intervention.

Regional hippocampal atrophy reflects memory impairment in patients with early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.

Background: Research work has shown that hippocampal subfields are atrophic to varying extents in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, studies examining the functional implications of subfield-specific hippocampal damage in early MS are limited. We aim to gain insights into the relationship between hippocampal atrophy and memory function by investigating the correlation between global and regional hippocampal atrophy and memory performance in early MS patients.

Advanced neuroimaging techniques to explore the effects of motor and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology and analyses is improving our comprehension of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology. These advancements, which enable the evaluation of atrophy, microstructural tissue abnormalities, and functional plasticity, are broadening our insights into the effectiveness and working mechanisms of motor and cognitive rehabilitative treatments.

Areas Covered: This narrative review with selected studies discusses findings derived from the application of advanced MRI techniques to evaluate structural and functional neuroplasticity modifications underlying the effects of motor and cognitive rehabilitative treatments in people with MS (PwMS).

2.5-Year changes of connectivity dynamism are relevant for physical and cognitive deterioration in multiple sclerosis.

Background: In MS, functional connectivity (FC) dynamism may influence disease evolution.

Objectives: The objective is to assess time-varying functional connectivity (TVFC) changes over time at 2.5-year follow-up in MS patients according to physical and cognitive worsening.

Chronic Active Lesions and Larger Choroid Plexus Explain Cognition and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis.

Background And Objectives: Chronic inflammation may contribute to cognitive dysfunction and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) and choroid plexus (CP) enlargement have been proposed as markers of chronic inflammation in MS being associated with a more severe disease course. However, their relation with cognitive impairment and fatigue has not been fully explored yet.

Cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis: mapping the spectrum of impairment.

Background: Available criteria for cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis (MS) do not consider the severity of impairment.

Objectives: To identify cognitive phenotypes with varying degrees of impairment in MS patients and describe their demographic, clinical and MRI characteristics.

Methods: Two hundred and forty-three MS patients and 158 healthy controls underwent neuropsychological tests to assess memory, attention, and executive function.

COVID-19 has no impact on disease activity, progression and cognitive performance in people with multiple sclerosis: a 2-year study.

Background: Sequelae of COVID-19 in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) have not been characterised. We explored whether COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of disease activity, disability worsening, neuropsychological distress and cognitive dysfunction during the 18-24 months following SARS-COV-2 infection.

Methods: We enrolled 174 PwMS with history of COVID-19 (MS-COVID) between March 2020 and March 2021 and compared them to an age, sex, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and a line of treatment-matched group of 348 PwMS with no history of COVID-19 in the same period (MS-NCOVID).

Functional and structural brain MRI changes associated with cognitive worsening in multiple sclerosis: a 3-year longitudinal study.

Background: Heterogeneous processes may contribute to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: To apply a longitudinal multiparametric MRI approach to identify mechanisms associated with cognitive worsening in MS patients.

Methods: 3 T brain functional and structural MRI scans were acquired at baseline and after a median follow-up of 3.

Regional white matter and gray matter damage and cognitive performances in multiple sclerosis according to sex.

In this study, we investigated whether regional distribution of white matter (WM) lesions, normal-appearing [NA] WM microstructural abnormalities and gray matter (GM) atrophy may differently contribute to cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients according to sex. Using the same scanner, brain 3.0T MRI was acquired for 287 MS patients (females = 173; mean age = 42.

Correspondence among gray matter atrophy and atlas-based neurotransmitter maps is clinically relevant in multiple sclerosis.

In multiple sclerosis (MS), gray matter (GM) atrophy progresses in a non-random manner, possibly in regions with a high distribution of specific neurotransmitters involved in several relevant central nervous system functions. We investigated the associations among regional GM atrophy, atlas-based neurotransmitter distributions and clinical manifestations in a large MS patients' group. Brain 3 T MRI scans, neurological examinations and neuropsychological evaluations were obtained from 286 MS patients and 172 healthy controls (HC).