Renal medullary carcinoma metastatic to the scalp.

A 40-year-old woman presented to the Brooke Army Medical Center Emergency Department complaining of 2 episodes of gross hematuria. Computed tomography and intravenous pyelogram revealed a right renal mass. A radical nephrectomy was performed with complete excision of the mass with negative margins on histological examination.

Primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis: case report and review of the literature.

Primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis (PCNA) is a rare form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis. It presents as waxy yellow-red nodules that are located preferentially on the lower extremities, face, scalp, and genitals. Recognition of this condition is of particular importance, as primary systemic amyloidosis can have a similar cutaneous presentation.

Risk assessment for benefits analysis: framework for analysis of a thyroid-disrupting chemical.

Benefit-cost analysis is of growing importance in developing policies to reduce exposures to environmental contaminants. To quantify health benefits of reduced exposures, economists generally rely on dose-response relationships estimated by risk assessors. Further, to be useful for benefits analysis, the endpoints that are quantified must be expressed as changes in incidence of illnesses or symptoms that are readily understood by and perceptible to the layperson.

Linking economics and risk assessment.

Benefit-cost analysis relies heavily upon risk assessment. The extent to which benefits can be quantitatively included in an economic analysis is frequently determined by risk assessment methods. Therefore, interdisciplinary collaboration between economists and experts in risk assessment-related disciplines is critical to further development of quantitative human health benefits analysis.

An unusual case of calciphylaxis.

Background: Cutaneous calciphylaxis is a rare disorder that occurs most frequently in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), those on hemodialysis, and renal transplant recipients. It is frequently associated with hyperparathyroidism and a markedly elevated calcium-phosphate product, and it carries a high mortality rate. The usual clinical presentation is of painful, stellate necrosis of the thighs or buttocks, often in the setting of livedo reticularis.

What to do at low doses: a bounding approach for economic analysis.

To quantify the health benefits of environmental policies, economists generally require estimates of the reduced probability of illness or death. For policies that reduce exposure to carcinogenic substances, these estimates traditionally have been obtained through the linear extrapolation of experimental dose-response data to low-exposure scenarios as described in the U.S.

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness-to-pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided.