Aggressiveness and Mycotoxin Production by Compared with on Maize Ears and Stalks in the Field.

and both cause Gibberella ear rot (GER) and Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil, but the former is much more common. Recent work with two isolates of each from maize suggested this dominance could be caused by greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of on maize. We evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of and 24 isolates of e recovered from both wheat and maize.

The Dominance of Over Causing Gibberella Ear Rot in Brazil May Be Due to Increased Aggressiveness and Competitiveness.

In Brazil, Gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize is caused mainly by , whereas is a minor contributor. To test the hypothesis that is more aggressive than on maize, six experiments were conducted in the south (summer) and one in the central-south (winter), totaling seven conditions (year × location × hybrid). Treatments consisted of or (two isolates of each) inoculated once 4 days after silk, inoculated sequentially and alternately ( or ) 6 days apart, or (in the central-south) inoculated sequentially without alternating species ( or ).

A mycotoxin transporter (4D) from a library of deoxynivalenol-tolerant microorganisms.

New strategies are needed to mitigate the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in feed and food products. Microbial DNA fragments were generated from a library of DON-tolerant microorganisms. These fragments were screened in DON-sensitive yeast strains for their ability to modify or transport DON.

Modification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Using Microorganisms Isolated from Environmental Samples.

The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of wheat, barley, and maize. New strategies are needed to reduce or eliminate DON in feed and food products. Microorganisms from plant and soil samples collected in Blacksburg, VA, USA, were screened by incubation in a mineral salt media containing 100 μg/mL DON and analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

A comparison of two milling strategies to reduce the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in barley.

Winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a potential feedstock for fuel ethanol production, may be contaminated with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). DON is a threat to feed and food safety in the United States and may become concentrated during the production of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS).

Survey of mycotoxins in corn distillers' dried grains with solubles from seventy-eight ethanol plants in twelve States in the U.S. In 2011.

Fuel ethanol co-products known as distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are a significant source of energy, protein, and phosphorous in animal feed. Fuel ethanol production may concentrate mycotoxins present in corn into DDGS. One hundred and forty one corn DDGS lots collected in 2011 from 78 ethanol plants located in 12 states were screened for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZON).

Genomic DNA of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria) becomes covalently modified during long-term (decades) desiccation but is protected from oxidative damage and degradation.

Genomic DNA of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria) became covalently modified during decades of desiccation. Amplification of gene loci from desiccated cells required pretreatment of DNA with N-phenacylthiazolium bromide, a reagent that cleaves DNA- and protein-linked advanced glycosylation end-products. DNA from 13 year desiccated cells did not show any higher levels of the commonly studied oxidatively modified DNA damage biomarkers 8-hydroxyguanine, 8-hydroxyadenine and 5-hydroxyuracil, compared to commercially available calf thymus DNA.