A Time-Friendly, Feasible Measure of Nutrition Knowledge in Type 1 Diabetes: The Electronic Nutrition and Carbohydrate Counting Quiz (eNCQ).

Background: Greater knowledge about nutrition and carbohydrate counting are associated with improved glycemic control and quality of life in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, limited assessments of nutrition and carbohydrate knowledge have been developed, and existing measures can be time-consuming, overly broad, or not conducive to routine clinical use. To fill this gap, we developed and examined the feasibility of administering the electronic Nutrition and Carbohydrate Counting Quiz (eNCQ).

Osteopontin regulation by inorganic phosphate is ERK1/2-, protein kinase C-, and proteasome-dependent.

The generation of inorganic phosphate by alkaline phosphatase during osteoblast differentiation represents an important signaling event, although the molecular and cellular consequences are currently undefined. We have previously described osteopontin as a gene regulated by an increase in inorganic phosphate not only in osteoblasts but also in other cell types. We describe here the identification of specific signaling pathways required for the stimulation of osteopontin expression by inorganic phosphate.

Inorganic phosphate regulates multiple genes during osteoblast differentiation, including Nrf2.

The process of osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization requires a rise in alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity resulting in the generation of free phosphate. The ability of inorganic phosphate to regulate gene transcription and cellular function represents a potentially novel extracellular signaling mechanism. Using microarray analysis we have identified a discrete set of genes that are either positively or negatively regulated by increased phosphate in MC3T3-E1 cells.