Morphological, ultrastructural, genetic characteristics and remarkably low prevalence of macroscopic species isolated from sheep and goats in Kurdistan region, Iraq.

Introduction: is a genus of cyst-forming parasites that infest both humans and livestock. Some parasites cause clinical and subclinical diseases in their hosts, resulting in economic losses.

Methods: Esophagus, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle from slaughtered sheep and goats were examined macroscopically, microscopically, and ultrastructurally and subjected to DNA analysis.

Engineering and Implementation of Synthetic Molecular Tools in the Basidiomycete Fungus .

The basidiomycete is a well-characterized model organism for studying pathogen-host interactions and of great interest for a broad spectrum of biotechnological applications. To facilitate research and enable applications, in this study, three luminescence-based and one enzymatic quantitative reporter were implemented and characterized. Several dual-reporter constructs were generated for ratiometric normalization that can be used as a fast-screening platform for reporter gene expression, applicable to and detection.

Establishing Polycistronic Expression in the Model Microorganism .

Eukaryotic microorganisms use monocistronic mRNAs to encode proteins. For synthetic biological approaches like metabolic engineering, precise co-expression of several proteins in space and time is advantageous. A straightforward approach is the application of viral 2A peptides to design synthetic polycistronic mRNAs in eukaryotes.

The retromer, sorting nexins and the plant endomembrane protein trafficking.

Protein sorting in the endomembrane system is responsible for the coordination of cellular functions. Plant intracellular trafficking has its own unique features, which include specific regulatory aspects of endosomal sorting and recycling of cargo proteins, mediated by the retromer complex. Recent work has led to significant progress in understanding the role of retromer subunits in recycling vacuolar sorting receptors and plasma membrane proteins.