Accurate Plane Fat Grafting in Gluteal Augmentation: An Anatomic Study.

Background: The safety of gluteal fat grafting is a global concern in plastic surgery.

Objective: The goal of this study was to test whether fat grafting to the buttocks with Auto Stop Reach (ASR) technology prevents penetration from the subcutaneous space into the fascia and muscle layers of the buttocks.

Methods: Fat transfer simulation was performed with blue dye on 8 fresh tissue cadaver buttocks by 3 board-certified plastic surgeons (S.

Proximity of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation needle insertion to surrounding anatomic structures: a cadaveric study.

Background: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is a third-line treatment for overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence. During the procedure, a needle is inserted cephalad to the medial malleolus and posterior to the tibia. In recent years, permanent implants and leads have been developed for insertion into the medial ankle via a small incision.

Development of a safety zone for rectus abdominis fascia graft harvest based on dissections of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves.

Background: As a result of the vaginal mesh controversy, surgeons are performing more nonmesh, autologous fascia pubovaginal slings to treat stress urinary incontinence in women. The rectus abdominis fascia is the most commonly harvested site for autologous pubovaginal slings, so it is crucial that surgeons are familiar with the relationship between this graft harvest site and the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves, which can be injured during this procedure.

Objective: The aims of this study were as follows: (1) to estimate the safest area between the bilateral courses of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in which a rectus abdominis fascia graft could be harvested with minimal risk of injury to these nerves and (2) to determine the location and dimensions of a graft harvest site that maximized graft length while remaining close to the pubic symphysis.

Repair of a large primary subtemporal encephalocele in a 3-year-old child: case report.

Primary encephaloceles (PEs) present only rarely in the temporal region; in the rare instance that they project through the floor of the middle fossa they are secondary. In this case report the authors report on the management of a giant PE extending through the floor of the middle fossa.An 8-month-old boy presented to the authors' service with a large PE projecting into his neck through a missing left middle fossa floor; the lesion was causing significant meta-, dys-, and hypoplasia of the structures of the anterolateral neck on that side.

Potential influence of p16 immunohistochemical staining on the diagnosis of squamous cell lesions in cervical biopsy specimens: observation from cytologic-histologic correlation.

Background: The p16 immunohistochemical (IHC) marker has been used increasingly as an adjunct to morphologic assessment of cervical biopsies in which the differential diagnoses include high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and its mimics. The objective of this study was to assess the potential influence of p16 IHC staining on the evaluation of cervical biopsy as observed through cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC).

Methods: Cervical biopsy samples that had cytologic diagnoses of either low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or HSIL and also had histologic follow-up were retrieved from the department database.

The Effect of Lithotomy Position on Nerve Stretch: A Cadaveric Study.

Objective: The objective of our study was to design a method to measure nerve stretch in cadaveric subjects and then use the method to assess femoral nerve stretch in the lithotomy position with varying degrees of flexion and extension.

Methods: A university-based, cadaveric observational study of femoral nerve stretch was conducted. In 6 cadaveric subjects, femoral nerve near the inguinal ligament was dissected in each cadaveric subject.

Anatomical Relationships of Burch Colposuspension Sutures.

Objectives: The prevalent use of minimally invasive midurethral slings for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in the last several decades has resulted in fewer Burch procedures being performed and diminished surgical experience in performing the Burch colposuspension. However, recent antimesh media has resulted in more patients requesting nonmesh anti-incontinence procedures and a subsequent need for surgeons to refamiliarize themselves with the Burch procedure and its relevant anatomy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships of Burch sutures to surrounding neurovascular anatomic structures in the human cadaver.

The Safe Labiaplasty: A Study of Nerve Density in Labia Minora and Its Implications.

Background: Surgical techniques to alleviate labia minora hypertrophy are gaining popularity. Due to the rapidly growing number of labiaplasties performed around the world, there is concern for the safety of these procedures with respect to maintaining sensitivity to the genitalia and/or implications for sexual arousal.

Objectives: An anatomic study aimed at identifying the nerve density distribution of the labia minora was performed to provide unique insight into performing labiaplasty while preserving sensation.

Surface and boney landmarks for sacral neuromodulation: a cadaveric study.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Standard external landmarks have been suggested as a guide for in-office percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE), but validity of these landmarks has not been assessed. Our objective was to determine whether the standard 9 cm from the tip of the coccyx indicates the position of the S3 sacral foramen and whether other boney landmarks and measurements improved positioning.

Methods: Measurements and distances between external boney landmarks were obtained in 22 embalmed cadavers.

(±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") treatment modulates expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in multiple regions of adult rat brain.

(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a widely used drug of abuse, rapidly reduces serotonin levels in the brain when ingested or administered in sufficient quantities, resulting in deficits in complex route-based learning, spatial learning, and reference memory. Neurotrophins are important for survival and preservation of neurons in the adult brain, including serotonergic neurons. In this study, we examined the effects of MDMA on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and their respective high-affinity receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase (trk)B and trkC, in multiple regions of the rat brain.

Electroencephalographic and convulsive effects of binge doses of (+)-methamphetamine, 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine, and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats.

The abuse of drugs such as methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA), and 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; Foxy) is global. Symptoms from taking these drugs include tachycardia, agitation, hyperpyrexia, and sometimes seizures. We compared the EEG effects of these drugs in male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) implanted with cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes prior to testing.

Bipolar disorder type 1 and schizophrenia are accompanied by decreased density of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons in the parahippocampal region.

GABAergic interneurons synchronize network activities and monitor information flow. Post-mortem studies have reported decreased densities of cortical interneurons in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). The entorhinal cortex (EC) and the adjacent subicular regions are a hub for integration of hippocampal and cortical information, a process that is disrupted in SZ.

Effects of neonatal methamphetamine treatment on adult stress-induced corticosterone release in rats.

In rats, neonatal (+)-methamphetamine (MA) exposure and maternal separation stress increase corticosterone during treatment and result in learning and memory impairments later in life. Early-life stress also changes later responses to acute stress. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal MA exposure would alter adult corticosterone after acute stress or MA challenge.

Myelin, copper, and the cuprizone model of schizophrenia.

In recent years increasing evidence is pointing toward white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. The present paper will provide an overview over the role of myelin in cognition and brain function, and its potential involvement in brain disorders. Furthermore, we will examine one particular experimental model for the study of dysmyelination, created by the administration of the toxin cuprizone.

(+)-Methamphetamine-induced monoamine reductions and impaired egocentric learning in adrenalectomized rats is independent of hyperthermia.

Methamphetamine (MA) is widely abused and implicated in residual cognitive deficits. In rats, increases in plasma corticosterone and egocentric learning deficits are observed after a 1-day binge regimen of MA (10 mg/kg x 4 at 2-h intervals). The purpose of this experiment was to determine if adrenal inactivation during and following MA exposure would attenuate the egocentric learning deficits in the Cincinnati water maze (CWM).

Effect of a neurotoxic dose regimen of (+)-methamphetamine on behavior, plasma corticosterone, and brain monoamines in adult C57BL/6 mice.

Rationale: In rats, neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine (MA) induce astrogliosis, long lasting monoamine reductions, reuptake transporter down-regulation, and learning impairments.

Objective: We tested whether comparable effects occur in C57BL/6 mice.

Method: C57BL/6 mice were treated with 10mg/kgs.

Glucose and corticosterone changes in developing and adult rats following exposure to (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine or 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine.

The use of the club drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 5-methoxy-n,n-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) is of growing concern, especially as many of the effects, particularly during development, are unknown. The effects of these drugs upon homeostasis may be important since both are known to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The purpose of this experiment was to examine alterations in rats in corticosterone and glucose following an acute exposure to these drugs at different stages of development: preweaning, juvenile, and adulthood.

Downregulation of oligodendrocyte transcripts is associated with impaired prefrontal cortex function in rats.

Abnormalities of brain white matter and oligodendroglia are among the most consistent findings in schizophrenia (Sz) research. Various gene expression microarray studies of post-mortem Sz brains showed a downregulation of myelin transcripts, while imaging and microscopy studies demonstrated decreases in prefrontal cortical (PFC) white matter volume and oligodendroglia density. Currently, the extent to which reduced oligodendrocyte markers contribute to pathophysiological domains of Sz is unknown.

(+/-)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) dose-dependently impairs spatial learning in the morris water maze after exposure of rats to different five-day intervals from birth to postnatal day twenty.

During postnatal days (PD) 11-20, (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment impairs egocentric and allocentric learning, and reduces spontaneous locomotor activity; however, it does not have these effects during PD 1-10. How the learning impairments relate to the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) is unknown. To test this association, the preweaning period was subdivided into 5-day periods from PD 1-20.

Comparison of the developmental effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) to (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in rats.

Rationale: We have previously shown that (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment from postnatal days (P)11 to P20 leads to learning and memory deficits when the animals are tested as adults. Recently, the club drug 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) has gained popularity.

Objective: Due to the similarities between MDMA and 5-MeO-DIPT and the substitution of 5-MeO-DIPT for MDMA, the purpose of this study was to compare the developmental effects of these drugs.

(+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine treatment in adult rats impairs path integration learning: a comparison of single vs once per week treatment for 5 weeks.

3,4-Methlylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration (4 x 15 mg/kg) on a single day has been shown to cause path integration deficits in rats. While most animal experiments focus on single binge-type models of MDMA use, many MDMA users take the drug on a recurring basis. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of repeated single-day treatments with MDMA (4 x 15 mg/kg) once weekly for 5 weeks to animals that only received MDMA on week 5 and saline on weeks 1-4.

Comparison of time-dependent effects of (+)-methamphetamine or forced swim on monoamines, corticosterone, glucose, creatine, and creatinine in rats.

Background: Methamphetamine (MA) use is a worldwide problem. Abusers can have cognitive deficits, monoamine reductions, and altered magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Animal models have been used to investigate some of these effects, however many of these experiments have not examined the impact of MA on the stress response.

Effect of +-methamphetamine on path integration learning, novel object recognition, and neurotoxicity in rats.

Rationale: Methamphetamine (MA) has been implicated in cognitive deficits in humans after chronic use. Animal models of neurotoxic MA exposure reveal persistent damage to monoaminergic systems but few associated cognitive effects.

Objectives: Since questions have been raised about the typical neurotoxic dosing regimen used in animals and whether it adequately models human cumulative drug exposure, these experiments examined two different dosing regimens.

Effects of neonatal (+)-methamphetamine on path integration and spatial learning in rats: effects of dose and rearing conditions.

Postnatal day (P)11-20 (+)-methamphetamine (MA) treatment impairs spatial learning and reference memory in the Morris water maze, but has marginal effects on learning in a labyrinthine maze. A subsequent experiment showed that MA treatment on P11-15, but not P16-20, is sufficient to induce Morris maze deficits. Here we tested the effects of P11-15 MA treatment under two different rearing conditions on Morris maze performance and path integration learning in the Cincinnati water maze in which distal cues were unavailable by using infrared illumination.

Short- and long-term effects of (+)-methamphetamine and (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on monoamine and corticosterone levels in the neonatal rat following multiple days of treatment.

Rats treated with (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or (+)-methamphetamine (MA) neonatally exhibit long-lasting learning impairments (i.e., after treatment on postnatal days (P)11-15 or P11-20).