Part Six: Antidiabetic Medication Benefits Beyond Glucose Lowering in Older People.

Older people with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for macrovascular (damage to arteries that can lead to myocardial infarction or stroke) and microvascular (damage to small blood vessels including retinopathy and nephropathy) disease. Since 2008, newly approved antidiabetic medications have been required to show cardiovascular safety as part of the US Food and Drug Administration approval process. Since this time, new data have emerged regarding the differences between agents in terms of reducing diabetes-related complications.

Association of Cardiovascular Disease and Military Veteran Status With Impairments in Physical and Psychological Functioning: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis of US National Survey Data.

Introduction: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides multidisciplinary team-based care with peer-to-peer support for diabetes and obesity, but not for most heart diseases.

Objective: To inform disease-care models, assess physical and psychological functioning in veterans with, or at high risk of, heart disease.

Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional cohort analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015-2019, based on standard measures of functioning: self-rated health, serious psychological distress, and high-risk substance use.

Evaluating the impact of integrating SMART goal setting in preceptor development using the Habits of Preceptors Rubric.

Purpose: The impact of goal setting in pharmacy preceptor development was evaluated using the Habits of Preceptors Rubric (HOP-R), a criterion-referenced assessment developed to assess, quantify, and demonstrate growth across 11 preceptor habits.

Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated initial and follow-up survey responses from the 2019-2020 Clinician Educators Program cohort at Midwestern University College of Pharmacy, Glendale Campus. Enrollees in this teaching and learning curriculum (TLC) were invited to assess their precepting habits using the HOP-R after attending the first seminar and again toward the end of the longitudinal program.

Outcomes of Pharmacist-Conducted Admission Medication-Regimen Reviews in Long-term Care Facilities.

To assess the outcomes of pharmacist-completed aMRRs. The 2018 installation of the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) Act requires medication regimen reviews (aMRR) upon admission to long-term care (LTC) hospitals, nursing facilities, and inpatient-rehabilitation facilities. While the legislation does not require that pharmacists perform the reviews, pharmacists are aptly suited to add value to this practice.

Evaluating the impact of a "grand rounds" elective course on students' perceived motivations, comfort, and confidence in providing constructive and reinforcing feedback to guest lecturers.

Background And Purpose: Providing feedback is an important skill for all healthcare professionals both within and outside of their discipline. Although student pharmacists frequently receive feedback during both didactic and experiential education, training on how to provide feedback to others is less common.

Educational Activity And Setting: An elective was designed to expose second-year pharmacy students to "grand rounds" with practicing pharmacists as the presenters.

Experiential Pharmacy Education During a Pandemic: Lessons Learned.

The COVID-19 pandemic has radically changed how the world operates and introduced a multitude of unprecedented challenges for all health professionals, especially for those responsible for training learners, including pharmacy residents and students. Due to density and social distancing restrictions, many pharmacy schools and residency programs had to transition to virtual experiential learning-with little to no existing literature, structure, or adequate time for planning. This article offers a variety of approaches to ensure that pharmacy learners meet accreditation requirements, engage in interprofessional education and collaboration, reflect on their learning, prioritize self-care, and are adequately prepared to enter geriatric pharmacy practice despite current challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pharmacological Management of Hyperlipidemia in Older individuals.

Objective: To provide an up-to-date review of current hyperlipidemia guidelines and discuss pharmacotherapeutic management of hyperlipidemia in older individuals.

Data Sources: A PubMed search of articles published through October 2020 was performed using a combination of the following words: older adults, hyperlipidemia, statin, ezetimibe, fibrate, fish oil, niacin, bile acid sequestrant, and proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor.

Study Selection/data Extraction: Relevant original research, review articles, and guidelines were assessed for the management of hyperlipidemia in the older individuals.

Rates and Predictors of Physician-Recommended and Self-Reported Aspirin Use in 2015.

This study assesses the rate of providerrecommended aspirin use through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) database versus self-reported aspirin use through the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) database and identifies factors that predict initiation of aspirin. This study provides insight into the rate of providerrecommended aspirin use versus self-reported aspirin use prior to the 2016 United States Preventive Service Task Force primary prevention recommendation update.
Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of US population data obtained from medical records (NAMCS) and community-dwelling residents in four states (BRFSS) in 2015.

Impact of COVID-19 on Residency Training.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted pharmacists in a variety of ways, including increased workloads, reduced hours, and ever-changing recommendations for managing this unique infection. Trainees, both students and residents, have also dealt with numerous challenges and changes during this pandemic.

Treatment Needs and Service Utilization in Older U.S. Adults Evidencing High-Risk Substance Use.

Because substance misuse by older adults poses clinical risks and has not been recently assessed, we examined substance use patterns, treatment needs, and service utilization in those evidencing high-risk use. We identified National Survey on Drug Use and Health respondents (2015-2018) aged ≥50 years reporting multiple-occasion binge drinking, illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse, or substance dependence. Past-year psychological symptoms were assessed using validated scales.

Changes in Psychotropic Prescribing for Patients With Dementia, 2014-2016: Potential implications for Pharmacists.

To assess changes in psychotropic pharmacotherapy for patients with dementia over a three-year period.
SETTING: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, physician office visits from 2014 to 2016.
PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: Retrospective analysis of publicly available, nationally representative data on patient characteristics; diagnoses, including comorbidities; and treatments, including medications.

Estimated Cardiovascular Risk and Guideline-Concordant Primary Prevention With Statins: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analyses of US Ambulatory Visits Using Competing Algorithms.

Introduction: The 2013 pooled cohort equations (PCE) may misestimate cardiovascular event (CVE) risk, particularly for black patients. Alternatives to the original PCE (O-PCE) to assess potential statin benefit for primary prevention-a revised PCE (R-PCE) and US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) algorithms-have not been compared in contemporary US patients in routine office-based practice.

Methods: We performed retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative, US sample of office visits made from 2011 to 2014.

Joint effects of advancing age and number of potentially inappropriate medication classes on risk of falls in Medicare enrollees.

Background: Injurious falls among older adults are both common and costly. The prevalence of falls is known to increase with age and with use of fall-risk drugs/potentially inappropriate medications (FRD/PIM). Little is known about the joint effects of these two risk factors.

High-risk opioid prescribing trends in the outpatient setting prior to issuance of federal guidance.

Co-prescription of opioid and benzodiazepine products increases the risk of overdose-related mortality four-fold due to respiratory depression. Accordingly, prevention of high-risk opioid prescribing (HROP) has become a focus over the past two decades and was the subject of a black-box warning (BBW) issued by the U.S.

2018 American Society of Consultant Pharmacists Annual Meeting & Exhibition.

Poster abstracts are evaluated based on the following criteria: significance of the problem to healthy aging or medication management; innovativeness of ideas, methods, and/or approach; methodological rigor of methods and approach; presentation of finding; implications identified for future research, practice, and/or policy; and clarity of writing. Submissions are not evaluated through the peer-reviewed process used by . Industry support is indicated, where applicable.

Evaluation of multidisciplinary and pharmacy-only student-run clinics on student's perceptions of interprofessional roles.

Background And Purpose: To determine how participation in multidisciplinary training workshops and student-run clinics impacts students' perceptions of the role of other health professions. Student perceptions from pharmacy-only versus multidisciplinary smoking cessation clinics were also compared.

Education Activity And Setting: Students from pharmacy, osteopathic medicine, physician assistant, and clinical psychology programs participated in two multidisciplinary smoking cessation training sessions, then provided smoking cessation services to the underserved population in either a multidisciplinary or pharmacy-only student-run smoking cessation clinic.

Provision of Lifestyle Counseling and the Prescribing of Pharmacotherapy for Hyperlipidemia Among US Ambulatory Patients: A National Assessment of Office-Based Physician Visits.

Background: An estimated 27.8% of the United States (US) population aged ≥20 years has hyperlipidemia, defined as total serum cholesterol of ≥240 mg/dL. A previous study of US physician office visits for hyperlipidemia in 2005 found both suboptimal compliance and racial/ethnic disparities in screening and treatment.

A health sciences student-run smoking cessation clinic experience within a homeless population.

Objective: The primary objective is to describe a professional and graduate student-run approach to smoking cessation education combined with motivational interviewing and pharmacotherapy in regard to the frequency of follow-up with a smoking cessation quitline program in the homeless population. The secondary objective is to assess participants' self-reported level of confidence, knowledge, and willingness to quit before and after participation in the student-run smoking cessation clinic.

Setting: Homeless shelter in Phoenix, Arizona.

Accuracy of community-based blood pressure devices versus validated self-use devices.

Objectives: To examine the accuracy of a community-based blood pressure monitor (CBPM) versus a validated automatic blood pressure monitor (ABPM); to assess providers' recommendations regarding use of CBPMs; and to assess if potentially inaccurate blood pressure readings may result in treatment changes.

Methods: A convenience sample of 50 participants was recruited and met criteria for a randomized, controlled, crossover design trial in a community pharmacy in January and February 2013. Participants completed a screening survey and were educated about how a pharmacist can assist in achieving blood pressure control.

Managing acute coronary syndromes in the elderly.

Objective: To provide an up-to-date review of the available evidence regarding treatment of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in elderly patients.

Data Source: A PubMed search of articles published through January 2015 was done using a combination of the following words: acute coronary syndrome, pharmacy, elderly, geriatric, myocardial infarction, beta-blocker, statin, antiplatelet, antithrombin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and aspirin.

Study Selection/data Extraction: Relevant original research, review articles, and guidelines were assessed for the management of elderly patients with ACS.