Tools to Measure the Impact of Structural Racism and Discrimination on Gastrointestinal and Hepatology Disease Outcomes: A Scoping Review.

Background & Aims: Structural racism and discrimination (SRD) are important upstream determinants of health perpetuated by discriminatory laws and policies. Therefore, measuring SRD and its impact on health is critical to developing interventions that address resultant health disparities. We aimed to identify gastrointestinal (GI) or liver studies that report measures of SRD or interventions to achieve health equity in these domains by addressing upstream determinants of health.

Medication use and microscopic colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study.

Background: Medication use has been implicated in the development of microscopic colitis (MC). However, studies have demonstrated inconsistent findings and there exist variations in design.

Aim: To measure the association between medication use and MC.

An Examination of the Frequency of Paravascular Defects and Epiretinal Membranes in Eyes With Early Glaucoma Using En-face Slab OCT Images.

Purpose: To examine the frequency of paravascular defects (PDs) and macular epiretinal membranes (ERMs) in eyes categorized as having mild glaucoma or glaucoma suspect using en-face slab analysis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans.

Materials And Methods: Fifty-seven glaucomatous eyes, 44 low-risk suspect eyes, and 101 healthy control eyes were included in the study. The 101 glaucomatous and suspect eyes had a mean deviation better than -6 dB on the 24-2 visual field, and a spherical refractive error between±6 D or axial length <26.

Temporal Trends and Risk Factors for Postcolonoscopy Colorectal Cancer.

Background: Colonoscopy is effective for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention, yet patients may develop CRC despite adhering to screening/surveillance intervals. There are limited data on predictive factors associated with these postcolonoscopy CRCs (PCCRCs). We aimed to measure PCCRC rates and identify risk factors for PCCRC.

Hybrid Deep Learning on Single Wide-field Optical Coherence tomography Scans Accurately Classifies Glaucoma Suspects.

Purpose: Existing summary statistics based upon optical coherence tomographic (OCT) scans and/or visual fields (VFs) are suboptimal for distinguishing between healthy and glaucomatous eyes in the clinic. This study evaluates the extent to which a hybrid deep learning method (HDLM), combined with a single wide-field OCT protocol, can distinguish eyes previously classified as either healthy suspects or mild glaucoma.

Methods: In total, 102 eyes from 102 patients, with or suspected open-angle glaucoma, had previously been classified by 2 glaucoma experts as either glaucomatous (57 eyes) or healthy/suspects (45 eyes).

A Single Wide-Field OCT Protocol Can Provide Compelling Information for the Diagnosis of Early Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate a report for glaucoma diagnosis based on a single optical coherence tomography (OCT) protocol.

Methods: A wide-field (9 × 12 mm) swept-source (SS) OCT scan, encompassing the macula and disc, was obtained on 130 eyes (patients) with or suspected open-angle glaucoma, a mean deviation greater than or equal to -6 dB on a 24-2 visual field (VF), and spherical refractive error between ± 6 diopters (D). The single-page report contained a circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness plot; retinal ganglion cell layer and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and probability plots of the macula and optic nerve; and an enface slab image of the optic nerve.

Defects Along Blood Vessels in Glaucoma Suspects and Patients.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between small hypodense regions ("holes") in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) seen on circumpapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of glaucoma patients and suspects and the paravascular inner retinal defects (PIRDs) seen with OCT line scans near blood vessels in individuals without optic nerve disease but with high myopia and/or epiretinal membranes (ERMs).

Methods: Based upon the availability of wide-field, swept-source OCT scans, 19 eyes from 15 glaucoma patients or suspects were selected from a larger group of eyes with holes on circumpapillary frequency-domain OCT scans. Paravascular defects (PDs) were identified using en face slab images generated (ATL 3D-Suite) from 52-μm slabs just below the vitreal border of the inner limiting membrane by averaging reflective intensity.